中国城镇化进程的工业污染与规制效应分析研究

利用2001年-2012年中国30个省级地区的面板数据,分别估计了城镇化的工业污染总量效应、相对量效应和规制效应.结果发现,不断扩张的工业污染是城镇化进程的“副产品”,城镇化率与工业污染排放总量及密度有显著的回归关系,尽管环境规制力度增强起到了一定抵消作用,但仍未阻止近十余年来工业污染排放总量及密度随城镇化而加剧的态势.为实现城镇化绿色循环低碳发展,中国一方面应继续加强环境规制,推广减排降耗技术,加大政府补贴,另一方面要着重提高企业清洁生产的能力和意愿.     

建设项目碳排放评价技术方法及案例研究

将碳排放因素纳入建设项目环评,对其进行项目层面的控制,有利于促进碳减排和低碳经济的发展。文章尝试构建了建设项目碳排放环评体系,通过对某污水处理厂工艺流程中的碳源分析,确定评价范围,核算情景年份下的碳排放量,综合分析碳排放对环境、经济及社会的影响,最后探讨了协同减排效应,并制定跟踪评价计划。研究表明该污水处理厂在情景年份下,随着污水处理量的增加,碳排放量逐年上升。     

基于区域氮循环模型IAP-N的安徽省农用地N2O排放量估算

本研究采用区域氮循环模型IAP-N估算了2011年安徽省县级共计7种农用地类型的N2O排放,估算所需的统计数据来源于安徽省各市统计年鉴,排放因子来源于已发表文献中的观测数据.结果表明,2011年安徽省农用地N2O总排放量(以N2O-N计)为3.51万t.其中,直接排放2.76万t,间接排放0.66万t,田间秸秆燃烧排放0.08万t.淮北平原(Ⅰ区)和沿江圩丘(Ⅱ区)是安徽农用地N2O主要排放区,对农用地N2O总排放的贡献分别为41%和35%.单纯旱作农田是各区最主要的直接排放源,约占直接排放的74%.Ⅱ区和Ⅲ区水旱轮作中的旱作地N2O排放居第二位(分别占Ⅱ区和Ⅲ区直接排放的19%和14%),Ⅳ区的果园茶园N2O直接排放居第二位(占Ⅳ区直接排放的22%).间接排放源中由大气氮沉降引起的N2O排放占三分之二.该研究结果可为决策者合理利用肥料,制定安徽省农业土壤温室气体减排措施提供科学依据.     

电喷汽油机燃用乙醇/汽油混合燃料排放及催化转化特性研究

研究多点电喷汽油机燃用不同掺混比的乙醇/汽油混合燃料时的排放及催化器的转化性能.结果表明,在汽油机参数未做任何调整的情况下,与汽油机相比,乙醇/汽油混合燃料汽油机催化器之前的CO排放降低,降幅接近15%;HC排放在大负荷时略有升高;NOx排放基本相同;乙醇对排放物催化转换效率的影响与电喷汽油机的转速、负荷和空燃比控制策略有关.用气相色谱分析仪测录的未燃乙醇排放在大负荷时略有升高,甲醇排放量变化不大,乙醛排放量随乙醇含量增大而增大,经三效催化转化器后,可以被控制在接近零排放的水平.在怠速工况,随乙醇含量增加,CO、HC和NOx的排放与汽油机相比略有降低.     

The fate of nitrogen in a moderately alkaline and calcareous soil amended with biosolids and urea

The determination of nitrogen (N) based loading rates for land application of biosolids is challenging and site specific. Over loading may contribute to environmental, agricultural, or human health problems. The objective of this study was to monitor N mineralization and losses in a moderately alkaline and calcareous desert soil amended with either anaerobically digested (AN) or lime-stabilized (LS) biosolids, and irrigated with and without urea enriched water. For Experiment 1, N inputs, leaching and residuals in soil were evaluated in an open soil column system. For Experiment 2, ammonia (NH₃) emissions were evaluated in a closed soil column system. In Experiment 1, AN and LS biosolids increased soil ON (organic N) by three and two fold, respectively. Respective net N mineralization of ON from biosolids alone was 90% and 62% without urea, and 71% and 77%, respectively with added urea. Nitrogen leaching losses and residuals in amended soil did not account for all N inputs into the soil/biosolids system. In Experiment 2, NH₃ emissions were not significantly different among treated soils with or without added urea, except LS amended soil receiving urea. Ammonia losses did not account for unaccounted N in Experiment 1. We concluded that deep placement and rapid mineralization of AN biosolids promoted anaerobic soil conditions and denitrification, in addition to the high denitrification potential of desert soil. LS biosolids showed greater potential than AN biosolids for safe and beneficial land application to desert soils regardless of biosolids placement and the inclusion of N rich irrigation water.     

基于循环经济理念的煤炭型老工业基地振兴的研究与分析——华丰煤矿为例

华丰煤矿就其地理位置，资源条件和社会环境而言，发展循环经济有着独特优势。按照发展循环经济的要求，充分合理的开发利用资源是当前落实科学发展观所迫切需要解决的问题，发展循环经济需要市场机制与煤矿系统的双重作用，尤其离不开煤矿系统的推进。     

Impact of Carbon Storage Through Restoration of Drylands on the Global Carbon Cycle

   Using estimates of land suitable for restoration in woodlands, grasslands, and deserts, as well as estimates of the rate at which restoration can proceed, we estimate that carbon storage in these biomes can range up to 0.8 billion tons of carbon per year (Gt C/yr), for a combination of land management strategies. This corresponds to a reduction in atmospheric buildup of 0.5 Gt C/yr, which represents up to 15% of the average annual atmospheric carbon buildup in the next century, 3.5 Gt C/yr, assuming the IPCC 92d scenario. A global strategy for reducing atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration will require the implementation of multiple options. The advantage of carbon storage in restored drylands is that it comes as a side benefit to programs that are also justifiable in terms of land management.     

Efficacy of wipers-on, headlamps-on legislation

Empirical evidence for the benefit of so-called wipers-on, headlamps-on legislation, requiring drivers to use vehicle headlamps when windshield wipers are on, is nonexistent. An evaluation of fatal, multi-vehicle crashes during daytime and nighttime in clear and rainy weather was made, for states in the US that have recently enacted such legislation, and for which crash data are available. Results indicate a statistically reliable reduction in the incidence of fatal, multi-vehicle crashes during daytime in these states relative to nighttime, when headlamp use would not be expected to differ before and after enactment of wipers-on, headlamps-on legislation.     

Energy indicators and sustainable development: The International Energy Agency approach

The International Energy Agency (IEA), together with the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), UN‐DESA, Eurostat and the European Environmental Agency, has recently published a comprehensive joint‐agency overview of energy indicators for sustainable development. The IEA's contribution to this publication is based on the IEA energy indicator approach. This approach has been developed and used by the IEA over a number of years. The indicators advocated by the IEA are relatively disaggregated to allow for meaningful analysis of sustainability issues in the energy sector. Using a decomposition approach helps reveal the causal links between human/economic driving forces, energy use and emissions. This article presents examples of IEA's work with indicators and an overview of the methodology used, including an explanation of the link to sustainable development. It also provides an example of a simplified indicator analysis of India, to illustrate the importance of improved data systems in developing indicators that can provide meaningful policy analysis.     

Population,Development, and Waste Management in Botswana: Conceptual and Policy Implications for Climate Change

Based on government and other relevant documentation, this paper explores the conceptual linkage between population, development, and waste management in Botswana and the implications of this relationship for global climate change. Population is increasing, albeit at a decreasing rate. Spatially, the population is becoming more and more concentrated as the rates and level of urbanization increase. Economic growth has remained consistently high. The combined effect of population dynamics and economic development are having a noticeable imprint on the environment in the form of increased waste generation. Poor waste management poses a real threat to environmental sustainability in general and climate change in particular because of inadequate technology, weak institutional mechanisms to enforce regulations, and low levels of sensitization among the public to deal with the problem. Mitigation measures are suggested to minimize the negative effects of waste management on climate change.