长江经济带交通碳排放测度及其效率格局(1985~2016年)

采用"自上而下"的方法测度了长江经济带1985~2016年交通碳排放量并分析其空间格局和时序演化特征;在考虑非期望产出的基础上,剔除外部环境变量和随机误差的影响,构建了三阶段DEA模型进行长江经济带交通碳排放效率值的评价与比较.结果发现：①长江经济带交通碳排放总量呈不断上升趋势,其中石油类能源消费产生的排放量占比最大,四川、两湖地区和苏浙沪地区分别是长江上、中、下游交通碳排放的高值区.②从东西方向看,交通碳排放重心总体上呈现先东移、后西移的变动轨迹;从南北方向看,在空间上突出表现为越来越向长江沿岸集中分布的特征.③不同省份的交通碳排放效率值存在显的空间分异现象;2007~2016年东部地区的效率值始终最高,但中部地区的效率值由高于西部地区演变为低于西部地区.④外部环境因素对交通碳排放效率具有显著性影响,其中产业结构优化始终有利于交通碳排放效率提升,而政府干预的影响则由"创新补偿"效应转变为"遵循成本"效应.     

Methane emissions during storage of different treatments from cattle manure in Tianjin

Many studies on methane emissions from animal manure have revealed that animal manure is a major source of methane emissions to the atmosphere that can have negative consequences for people,animals and environment.In general,the release of methane can be influenced by the type of feed taken by animals,temperature,manure characteristics and so on.This study aimed at quantifying and comparing methane release from dairy manure with different piling treatments.Four treatments were designed including manure piling height 30,45,60 cm and adding 6 cm manure every day until the piling height was 60 cm.Static chamber method and gas chromatography were adopted to measure the methane emissions from April to June in 2009.Methane emission rates of all four manure treatments were low in the first week and then increased sharply until reaching the peak values.Subsequently,all the methane emission rates decreased and fluctuated within the steady range till the end of the experiment.Wilcoxon nonparametric tests analysis indicated that methane emission rate was greatly influenced by manure piling height and manner.There were no significant relationships between methane emission rates and the temperatures of ambience and heap.However,regression analysis showed that the quadratic equations were found between emission rates of all treatments and the gas temperature in the barrels.     

基于出行服务的纯电动公交车节能减排效益分析

纯电动公交车因行驶阶段零排放而成为城市地面常规公交车的重点发展方向,但是从其全生命周期来看,其实际的节能减排效益受到多种因素影响,仍需综合权衡.本研究采用生命周期评价方法(LCA),综合考虑公交车载客能力与不同区域的电网发电结构等影响因素,开展纯电动公交车的节能减排效益评价.结果表明,由于现有纯电动公交车的载客能力较柴油公交车低15%左右,所以选取出行服务作为功能单位能够更合理地核算纯电动公交车的实际节能减排效益.同时,由于我国不同区域电网的发电结构仍存有较大差异,相对于柴油公交车,不同区域电网结构下发展纯电动公交车所获取的节能减排效益差别较大.具体而言,纯电动公交车在华北、华东、华中、东北、西北和南方等不同电网结构下的节能效益分别为7.84%、11.91%、26.90%、11.15%、19.55%和20.31%;除华北电网由于煤电占比较高无减排效益外,其余电网结构下发展纯电动公交车所获取的综合减排效益分别为3.46%、26.81%、1.17%、13.74%和17.48%.因此,发展纯电动公交车时,建议将提高纯电动公交车的载客能力作为技术研发的重点,同时充分考虑不同电网发电结构对纯电动公交车的环境影响,合理进行发展规划.     

城市黑臭河道夏季产甲烷通量研究——以南宁市朝阳溪为例

利用静态箱法测定城市黑臭河道!南宁市朝阳溪夏季产甲烷通量,结果表明朝阳溪是重要的甲烷排放源,夏季甲烷排放通量平均值为12.2mg/(m2·h),上游、中游、下游排放通量变化不显著。利用偏最小二乘法进行相关性分析可得,甲烷通量与温度、化学需氧量、底泥有机碳呈显著正相关,与溶解氧呈显著负相关,与总氮、氨氮、总磷、pH相关性较小。     

上海市能源CO_2排放及节能减排的减碳效果分析

以 2005 年为基准,采用 IPCC 清单指南推荐的方法测算了上海市能源活动产生的 CO2 排放清单。并采用情景分析方法,预测了高碳情景和低碳情景下上海市能源需求及相应的二氧化碳排放趋势,探讨了节能减排等低碳政策所产生的碳削减的潜力。研究表明,2005 年上海市能源活动所排放的 CO2 总量为 1.72 亿 t,其中,能源加工转换产生的 CO2 排放量为 7740 万 t,占排放总量的 44%;工业次之,占 30%;交通运输的排放比例为 16%。煤炭和石油的消费是导致 CO2 排放的主要原因,2005 年煤炭所带来的 CO2 排放量为1.10 亿 t,油品所产生的 CO2 排放量为 0.58 亿 t,分别占到能源活动 CO2 排放总量的 64.0%和 33.7%。 2005 年上海市人均 CO2 排放量为9.68 t/人,是世界平均水平的 2.4 倍,是中国平均水平的 3.8 倍。研究表明,在低碳政策下,上海能源需求将有所控制,到 2020 年全市能源需求总量为 1.6 亿 t 标煤, 比高碳情景节约 1.4 亿 t 标煤。节能减排政策还将使得全市能源活动 CO2 排放比高碳情景显著下降,到2020 年全市 CO2 排放量为 3.26 亿 t,比高碳情景减少 3.1 亿 t,低碳政策所产生的碳减排效益十分明显。     

Effect of unburned carbon content in fly ash on the retention of 12 elements out of coal-combustion flue gas

The aim of this study was to evaluate whether unburned carbon particles present in fly ash can help in the retention of S, Cl, Br, As, Se, Cu, Ni, Zn, Ga, Ge, Rb, and Pb out of flue gas during the coal combustion at fluidised-bed power station where the coal was combusted along with limestone. The competitive influence of 10%-25% CaO in fly ashes on the distribution of studied elements was studied as well to be clear which factor governs behaviour of studied elements. Except of S (with significant association with CaO) and Rb and Pb (with major affinity to Al₂O₃) the statistically significant and positive correlation coefficients were calculated for the relations between unburned carbon content and Br (0.959), Cl (0.957), Cu (0.916), Se (0.898), Ni (0.866), As (0.861), Zn (0.742), Ge (0.717), and Ga (0.588) content. The results suggest that the unburned carbon is promising material in terms of flue gas cleaning even if contained in highly calcareous fly ashes.     

Future Greenhouse Gas and Local Pollutant Emissions for India: Policy Links and Disjoints

This paper estimates the future greenhousegas (GHG) and local pollutant emissions forIndia under various scenarios. Thereference scenario assumes continuation ofthe current official policies of the Indiangovernment and forecasts of macro-economic,demographic and energy sector indicators.Other scenarios analyzed are the economicgrowth scenarios (high and low), carbonmitigation scenario, sulfur mitigationscenario and frozen (development) scenario.The main insight is that GHG and localpollutant emissions from India, althoughconnected, do not move in synchronizationin future and have a disjoint under variousscenarios. GHG emissions continue to risewhile local pollutant emissions decreaseafter some years. GHG emission mitigationtherefore would have to be pursued for itsown sake in India. National energy securityconcerns also favor this conclusion sincecoal is the abundant national resource whilemost of the natural gas has to be imported.The analysis of contributing factors tothis disjoint indicates that sulfurreduction in petroleum oil products andpenetration of flue gas desulfurisationtechnologies are the two main contributorsfor sulfur dioxide (SO₂) mitigation.The reduction in particulate emissions ismainly due to enforcing electro-staticprecipitator efficiency norms in industrialunits, with cleaner fuels and vehicles alsocontributing substantially. These policytrends are already visible in India.Another insight is that high economicgrowth is better than lower growth tomitigate local pollution as lack ofinvestible resources limits investments incleaner environmental measures. Ouranalysis also validates the environmentalKuznets' curve for India as SO₂emissions peak around per capita GDP ofUS$ 5,300–5,400 (PPP basis) under variouseconomic growth scenarios.     

中国非燃煤大气汞排放量估算

本研究根据各种非燃煤大气汞排放源的活动水平和排放因子,估算了1995～2003年中国分省非燃煤大气汞的排放量。2003年中国非燃煤大气汞排放量为393t,比燃煤汞排放多137t。在非燃煤大气汞排放中,84%来自有色金属冶炼,其中锌冶炼、铅冶炼、铜冶炼和黄金冶炼分别占总排放的51%、18%、4%和11%。Hg0、Hg2+和HgP在中国非燃煤大气汞排放中所占比例分别为77%、18%和5%。中国非燃煤汞排放在各地区间有较大差异,排放量超过30t?a-1的省区包括湖南、河南和云南,排放强度超过1t?km-2的省区包括上海、湖南、河南、辽宁和广东,这些地区的主要汞排放源为有色金属冶炼和生活垃圾焚烧。1995～2003年中国非燃煤大气汞排放的年均增长率为9%,其中生活垃圾焚烧排放的年均增长率最高,达到42%。     

The potential for spatial planning at the landscape level to mitigate the effects of atmospheric ammonia deposition

Ammonia (NH₃) is emitted mainly from agricultural practices, with NH₃ concentrations decreasing rapidly away from sources. As a consequence there is a high spatial variability in nitrogen deposition and its consequent ecological effects in agricultural landscapes that is in addition to differences in sensitivity between habitat types. This variability points to the potential to include spatial planning measures as part of strategies to protect sensitive vegetation from ammonia deposition.National abatement policies typically include uniform recommendations for technical abatement measures, such as ploughing in manures after land spreading. In this study, the complementary potential of spatial planning to reduce effects on target locations is analysed through model scenarios for an example landscape in central England. Scenarios included defining buffer zones of low-emission agriculture and establishing tree belts surrounding either emission sources or priority areas for the protection of semi-natural habitats.The analysis showed that tree belts can reduce deposition to sensitive areas, with trees surrounding the sensitive habitats being more effective than trees around the sources. Low emission buffer zones around sink areas also result in useful reductions in N deposition. Smaller nature reserve sites benefit to a greater degree from such spatial planning measures, as large reserves can provide their own buffer zone to some degree. Similarly, relocating point sources or using planning policies to ensure the location of large NH₃ point sources are at least 2–3 km from the sensitive habitats results in substantial reductions in N deposition.     

Simulation of temporal and spatial change of N2O emissions in the Yangtze River Delta

A biogeochemical model(DNDC) is combined with a plant ecological model to estimate N2O emission from rice paddy fields in the Yangtze River Delta region. The model is driven by local meteorological, soil, and physiological data and is validated for 1999 and 2000 at a site in the region, which showed that the simulated N2O emissions agree fairly well with the observed data. This adds some confidence in the estimated N2O emissions during 1950 and 2000 in the Hangzhou Region. A significant correlation between the N2O emissions and the population for the Hangzhou Region is found, which is due to a combination of increased application of fertilizers and cultivated area.Such a correlation can not be established for the whole Yangtze River Delta region when the data of both urban and rural are as areincluded. However, when the data from the heavily urbanized areas are excluded, a significant correlation between population and N2O emissions emerges. The results show clearly that both the temporal and the spatial N2O emissions have significant positive relationship with population under traditional farming practice. These results have implications for suitable mitigation options towards a sustainable agriculture and environment in this region.