Urban Land-banking Planning: A New Instrument to Regulate Urban Land Supply-demand of Nanjing City

Abstract

It is the major purpose of the paper to present the urban land-banking planning and its functions of promoting the urban land-banking system and land use administration. The urban land-banking system has the potential attribute of acting as an irreplaceable role in urban land administration, but its unexpected function-deviation has impacted its implementation effect in China. A few city governments are attempting to deal with the problem by the urban land-banking planning which is expected to contribute to the extension of urban function, optimization of urban patterns, promotion of urban core competitiveness and overall construction of the urban value chain. In this paper, we primarily discuss the necessity, functions, purposes and main contents of the urban land-banking planning. Subsequently, the implementing situation of the urban land-banking system in Nanjing is analyzed, including its integrated mode, spatio-temporal quantitative distribution and main characteristics. Finally, the background and targets including total, compositions, space, and regulation points are gradually introduced to present the Nanjing land-banking planning version 2.     

The Indigenous Fisherman Divers of Thailand: Diving Practices

Diving practices of a group of indigenous people living on Thailand’s west coast were investigated. Village chiefs were first interviewed using a questionnaire. Three hundred and forty-two active divers were then interviewed by health care workers using a second questionnaire. Field observation was used to further develop information and confirm diving practices. Divers in 6 villages, whose basic means of making a living is from diving for marine products such as fish and shellfish, have diving patterns that put them at substantial risk of decompression illness. Breathing air from a primitive compressor through approximately 100 m of air hose, these divers have long bottom times coupled with short surface intervals. Forty-six point two percent of the divers indicated that they would not make a stop during ascent from a long deep dive (40 m for 30 min). When comparing their previous day of diving to the U.S. Navy Standard Air Decompression Table (U.S. Navy, 1993), 72.1% exceeded the no-decompression limits set by the tables. Diving patterns point to a need for more in-depth research into the diving patterns of this indigenous group. Future research should include the use of dive logging devices to record depths and times. There is also a need to provide divers with information and training to reinforce positive practices and strengthen knowledge of the risks associated with their current diving practices.     

Understanding transitions in farming systems and their effects on livestock rearing and smallholder livelihoods in Telangana,India

Increasing food demands are causing rapid transitions in farming systems, often involving intensified land and resource use. While transitioning has benefits regarding poverty alleviation and food outputs, it also causes environmental and social issues over time. This study aims to understand the transitions in farming systems in a region in Telangana, from 1997 to 2015, and their effect on livestock rearing and smallholder livelihoods. We also examine the impact of the transitions on lower caste groups and women in particular. We collected data using a combination of methods, i.e., a household survey, focus group discussions, and secondary data sources, to build a comprehensive picture of the transitions in the region. We found that subsistence mixed farming systems transitioned to market-orientated specialized systems over a short time span. As the transition process gained momentum, households either intensified their production or got marginalized. Technological interventions, development programs with integrated approaches, and market demand for certain agricultural produce triggered increased regional production but also led to the scarcity of water, land, and labor. The transitions marginalized some of the households, changed the role of livestock in farming, and have been inclusive of both lower caste groups and women in terms of increased ownership of large ruminants and access to technologies. However, for women specifically, further increase in workload in the context of farming is also found.     

环境视角调整能源供应和消费模式研究

近期大气环境问题突出,严重损害人民群众身体健康。随着工业化、城镇化深入推进,能源资源消耗总量短期难以下降,而改善空气质量又需显著降低大气污染物排放量。因此,改善空气质量必须调整现有能源供应体系,提高能源利用效率,改善居民能源消费模式,使得经济发展、能源消耗和污染排放之间协调可持续发展。能源供应朝着进一步反映市场供求、资源稀缺以及环境损害的定价机制转变,显著提高清洁能源比例、电煤比例和使用效率;能源消费朝着节能、低碳、绿色消费模式转变,提高公共交通出行比例,推行节能建筑,显著降低人均能源消耗量。     

受限空间作业危险性分析及安全防范措施

由于受限空间作业具有涉及行业广,作业环境特殊,危险性大等特点,容易发生火灾、爆炸、中毒和窒息等事故,严重威胁作业人员生命和设备财产安全。本文对2001年—2009年期间发生的典型受限空间作业事故进行了统计分析,总结了受限空间作业环境特点,分析了事故涉及的行业以及事故分布情况,然后结合事故案例,针对提出的典型受限空间作业事故类型及事故原因进行了分析,并提出了针对性的安全防范措施,以期指导安全生产。     

泰安城区绿地景观格局分析

运用景观生态学原理、GIS技术和Fragstats软件,选取了斑块类型水平和景观水平的指数对泰安城区绿地景观格局进行分析。结果表明,研究区绿地景观结构比较单一,绿地空间布局不均衡,破碎度较高;景观指数主成分分析表明,斑块特征指数和空间结构指数为第一主成分指标,LPI和D为第二主成分指标,各类型绿地的综合评价得分,以附属...     

北京市秋季大气气溶胶质量浓度谱分布特征的观测研究

为了研究不同天气形势和气象要素对不同粒径段的大气气溶胶质量浓度谱分布的影响,2010年秋季在北京市采用空气动力学粒径仪对0.5 ～20 μm的大气颗粒物进行了为期2个月的连续观测.结果表明,在不同天气形势和气团运动下,质量浓度谱分布差异明显.受到西北气流影响,在质量浓度较小的清洁天气,谱分布主要集中在粗粒径段(清洁天气).当天气以静稳为主,颗粒物质量浓度值中等偏高时,粗细粒径气溶胶分布中出现谱值相近的高峰(中等浑浊天气).在受到西南气流主要影响的高质量浓度的观测日中,细粒径气溶胶在谱分布中占主要地位(高浑浊天气).在相同气团影响的天气下,昼夜间质量浓度谱分布的谱型变化趋势一致.清洁天气保持了粗粒径段的单峰分布,中等浑浊和高浑浊天气呈双峰分布.清洁天气细粒径段谱值受光化学反应影响在日间略高于夜间.中等浑浊天气中质量浓度的谱值在夜间受相对湿度和温度变化影响有显著增加.高浑浊天气下,昼夜温湿差别小,谱分布未出现明显变化.     

广东省近18年粮食生产区域格局变化及成因分析

在分析建国以来广东省粮食生产历程及其阶段性特征的基础上，利用广东省1987～2004年分县统计数据，采用数理统计、区域差异定量分析与GIS空间分析等方法，研究了广东省近18年来粮食生产区域格局变化，并探讨了其影响因素，以期为进一步制定粮食宏观政策、保障广东省粮食安全提供参考依据。研究结果表明：1980年以来，广东省人均粮食占有量与全国人均粮食占有量之间的差距在逐渐增大；1987-2004年，广东省粮食生产中心逐渐北移；珠江三角洲粮食产量出现严重滑坡，粤东粤西地区处于低水平的相对稳定的粮食生产状态，而北部山区粮食产量经历了明显先升后降的过程，但在全省粮食生产的地位逐渐提升；珠江三角洲和粤东地区各县市区地域绝对差异和相对差异较大，18年间波动幅度也较大，而北部山区与粤西地区各县市区地域绝对差异和相对差异较小，变化幅度也较小；影响广东省粮食生产区域格局变化的主要因素包括工业化和城市化的迅速发展、种粮比较收益低下、粮食作物播种面积与产值构成的大幅下降以及经济体制的转型。     

我国不同利用方式土壤的磺胺类和大环内酯类抗生素抗性基因积累

为揭示农用土壤中抗生素抗性基因（ARGs）和可移动元件的积累和分布特征,应用普通PCR和荧光定量PCR技术对我国具有代表性的14个地区的不同利用方式和种植年限土壤进行磺胺类（sul1、sul2）、大环素内酯类（ermB、mefA）的ARGs和整合子（intl1）的定性和定量分析.结果表明,在不同利用方式土壤中sul1、sul2和intl1的检出率均为100%,在设施菜田土壤中ermB和mefA的检出率也为100%,而在露地菜田和粮田土壤中ermB的检出率为94%,mefA的检出率分别为92%、90%.磺胺类和大环内酯类ARGs的绝对丰度在黑龙江地区种植15 a的设施土壤中最高,intl1的绝对丰度在内蒙古地区种植15 a的设施土壤中最高.各地区种植3、7和15 a设施菜田土壤中sul1、sul2、ermB、mefA和intl1的绝对丰度显著高于相同年限下的露地菜田和粮田土壤,设施菜田7 a和15 a土壤中ARGs和intl1的绝对丰度显著高于3 a土壤.除露地菜田土壤sul1和sul2外,露地菜田和粮田土壤中的ARGs和intl1与土壤种植年限无显著相关性,而设施菜田土壤中ARGs和intl1的绝对丰度与种植年限呈显著正相关.相关性分析表明,磺胺类和大环内酯类ARGs的丰度与intl1的丰度呈显著正相关.研究可为农业安全生产提供参考,也进一步为食品安全提供有力支撑.     

COVID-19期间区域大气高污染发生的非线性动力机制

以长株潭城市群3个城市（长沙、株洲和湘潭）疫情期间（2020年1月24日~2020年5月31日）大气PM_2.5和O₃小时平均浓度时间序列数据为研究对象,对污染物日变化规律、长期持续性、多重分形性及自组织演化动力学特性进行研究.以期阐释疫情期间高污染事件发生及演化的内在动力机制.首先,对3个城市PM_2.5和O₃质量浓度的日变化规律进行分析,发现O₃呈现出昼高夜低的单峰型,而PM_2.5日变化规律表现出昼低夜高单峰型,与非疫情期间的特征有所差异.进一步,应用消除趋势波动分析法（DFA）、多重分形消除趋势波动分析法（MFDFA）和概率统计分析,研究了大气复合系统中PM_2.5和O₃质量浓度序列的长期持续性和多重分形结构.结果发现3个城市PM_2.5和O₃浓度序列均具有显著的长期持续性特征和较强的多重分形结构,同时,应用去趋势互相关分析法（DCCA）方法和多重分形去趋势互相关分析法（MFDCCA）对PM_2.5和O₃两者之间的互相关性进行了分析,发现PM_2.5-O₃之间的互相关也存在显著的长期持续性特征以及在不同时间尺度存在多重分形特征.进一步将疫情期间得到的非线性分析结果与2018年和2019年同期非疫情期间的结果进行了对比分析.最后,基于自组织临界理论（SOC）探讨了大气PM_2.5和O₃浓度时空演化的内在动力规律,并结合典型区域气象特征,阐明了SOC内禀动力机制可能是COVID-19疫情期间大气高污染形成的主导机制之一.疫情期间大气PM_2.5和O₃浓度并非分别独自演化,而是依然保持复杂的相互作用.静稳气象条件下,大气复合污染内部的非线性耦合作用可能达到动力学临界状态,将导致长株潭城市群在疫情期间仍有发生大气高污染的风险.