Congener-specific egg contribution of polychlorinated biphenyls to nestlings in two passerine species

Quantifying polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) residues in nestlings of avian species is a common method for assessing trophic transfer and risk at PCB-contaminated sites. The proportion of nestling PCB mass due to maternal transfer is often accounted for by subtracting total PCB mass in eggs from nestlings. However, variation in physicochemical properties and metabolism among congeners may lead to differences between egg contribution based on total PCBs and dioxin-like congeners. We examined congener-specific variation in contribution of PCBs from eggs to nestlings in tree swallows and European starlings. Egg contribution of total PCB mass was 14.3 and 16.2%, respectively, whereas contribution based on dioxin-like congeners was 14.8 and 13.6%, respectively. These data suggest that using total PCB mass in eggs to adjust estimates of PCB accumulation in nestlings may not reflect patterns for dioxin-like congeners, potentially over or under-estimating the risk of toxicity of PCBs.     

Norm Stability in Jirisan National Park: Effects of Time,Existing Conditions,and Background Characteristics

Norm stability is an important issue to consider in using the normative approach as a component of resource management decision making. This study examines three major questions related to norm stability: (1) Do norms change over time? (2) Do existing conditions affect norms? (3) Do background characteristics and visitation patterns affect norms? Data used in this study were collected at a campground in the Jirisan National Park (JNP) of Korea in 1993, 1994, and 2003. A total of 396 subjects were used for the study (120 for 1993, 106 for 1994, and 170 for 2003). Changes in the standards for “quiet time” and “seeing others littering” were statistically significant, but there was no change in the standard for “number of other tents.” There was little change in norm agreement or norm prevalence. Existing conditions were strongly correlated with standards for number of other tents but results were mixed for the other two indicators. Users’ demographic characteristics and visitation patterns were not generally related to norms. Findings of the study are discussed.     

Multi-biological defects caused by lead exposure exhibit transferable properties from exposed parents to their progeny in Caenorhabditis elegans

Whether the multi-biological toxicity from lead exposure could be transferred to progeny has not been clarified.In the present study,we explored the Caenorhabditis elegans to analyze the multiple toxicities from lead exposure and their possibly transferable properties.The lead exposure could cause series of severe multi-biological defects with a concentration-dependent manner by affecting the endpoints of life span,development,reproduction and locomotion behaviors in nematodes.Moreover,most of these toxicities could be transferred to progeny from lead exposed animals and some of the defects in progeny appeared even more severe than in their parents,such as the body sizes and mean life spans.We summarized the defects caused by lead exposure into three groups according to their transferable properties or rescue patterns.That is,the defects caused by lead exposure could be largely,or partially,or became even more severe in progeny animals.Therefore,our results suggest that lead exposure can cause severely multi-biological defects,and most of these multiple toxicities can be considered as transferable for exposed animals in C.elegans.     

水泥窑除尘器捕集灰中PCDD/Fs、PCBs和PCNs的分布特征

应用同位素稀释、高分辨气相色谱-质谱联用技术测定了国内3种类型水泥窑(机械立窑、湿法旋窑和新型干法旋窑)以及生活垃圾焚烧炉和医疗垃圾焚烧炉的除尘器捕集灰中PCDD/Fs、PCBs和PCNs的浓度和毒性当量,比较了同族体和同类物的分布特征.结果表明,水泥窑除尘器捕集灰中二英及其类似物PCDD/Fs、PCBs和PCNs的总毒性当量(以TEQ计)分别在4.0～62、 0.069～3.9和0.47～2.8 ng·kg^-1之间,远小于垃圾焚烧炉除尘器捕集灰.占优势的PCDD/Fs同族体都是TCDFs,相对较多的2, 3, 7, 8位氯取代二英同类物有OCDD、 2,3,7,8-TCDF、 1,2,3,4,6,7,8-HpCDF;水泥窑除尘器捕集灰中PCBs同族体的分布特征与垃圾炉相似,占优势的同族体都是四氯联苯,含量较高的共平面PCBs同类物有PCB77、PCB105、PCB118;不同窑型水泥窑除尘器捕集灰中PCNs同族体分布特征相似,占优势的同族体都是四氯萘,没有检测到八氯萘的存在,含量较高的二英类毒性PCNs同类物是毒性最大的PCN 66/67.     

京津冀“生态系统服务转型”及其空间格局

以1980年、2000年、2015年土地利用类型、NPP和统计数据为基础,运用GIS和生态系统服务价值测算方法,分析京津冀食物生产与固碳释氧两种服务的变化及其空间格局,揭示“生态系统服务转型”的原因。结果表明:（1）35年来,京津冀土地利用变化以建设用地扩张和耕地减少为主。1980年和2000年,NPP的高值区主要位于山区,2015年NPP的高值区主要位于平原。（2）1980-2000年京津冀生态系统服务变化以食物生产服务增加与固碳释氧服务降低为主,2000-2015年京津冀以食物生产服务与固碳释氧服务同时增加为主。“生态系统服务转型”模式为“食物生产+固碳释氧–”→“食物生产+固碳释氧+”。（3）农业生产力提升、林地面积与质量和耕地质量、草地质量提升是“生态系统服务转型”的主要原因。     

微生物多样性对土壤碳代谢特征的影响

土壤微生物群落在生态系统过程中发挥着重要的作用,而关于土壤微生物多样性对生态系统功能的影响无一致结论.为了研究微生物多样性对土壤碳代谢特征的影响,将稀释10~(-1)、10~(-3)和10~(-5)倍(D1、D3和D5)的庞泉沟阔叶混交林土壤悬浮液接种在灭菌的土样中.通过碱式滴定法和Biolog Eco板等实验方法测定了不同多样性梯度下土壤碳矿化速率和碳代谢利用模式的变化.结果表明培养6周后,D1处理的碳矿化速率、累积碳矿化量、平均孔颜色变化率(AWCD)和多样性指数(Shannon、Mc Intosh和丰富度指数)均显著高于D5处理.且相关分析表明,累积碳矿化量和AWCD与丰富度呈显著负相关.对碳源吸光度做主成分分析(PCA)和单因素方差分析发现微生物多样性梯度的土壤碳源利用模式也存在差异.因此,微生物多样性下降影响土壤的碳矿化速率和碳源利用模式,导致陆地生态系统的功能发生改变,在森林土壤管理中,应重视土壤微生物物种多样性变化对生态系统功能的影响.     

2000~2018年京津冀城市群PM2.5时空演变及其与城市扩张的关联

京津冀城市群是中国三大城市群之一,其城市化进程对大气污染造成了严重的影响.基于土地利用、站点实测和遥感反演的PM_2.5浓度数据集,辅以趋势分析和分段线性回归等方法,分析了2000～2018年京津冀城市群PM_2.5浓度的时空演变格局及其与城市扩张的关联.结果表明：（1） 2000～2018年京津冀城市群PM_2.5浓度变化呈明显的阶段特征,2000～2013年PM_2.5浓度呈显著增加的趋势[slope=1.598 0μg·（m³·a）^-1,P<0.001],其中69.97%的区域呈显著增加趋势（P<0.05）; 2013～2018年PM_2.5浓度呈显著减小的趋势[slope=-4.990 8μg·（m³·a）^-1,P<0.001],其中85.81%的区域呈显著减小的趋势（P<0.05）;（2） PM_2.5浓度整体呈从东南向西北递减的趋势,高污染区[ρ...     

中山市2000~2014年霾天气特征及气象影响因子

利用中山市2000~2014年气象资料及2013~2014年环境监测站资料,分析中山市霾特征及气象影响因子,结果表明,中山市霾日数年际变化明显,最少为11d,出现在2005年;最多为134d,出现在2008年.霾天气主要发生在秋冬季节,霾日数最多的月份是1月,平均为10.5d.霾日PM_2.5的平均浓度是非霾日的2.26倍,PM_2.5是霾天气的重要污染物.中山市霾日典型天气形势有7种:大陆高压型、海上高压型、均压场型、冷锋前部型、台风外围下沉气流型、槽前脊后型、低压槽型.其中以大陆高压型占比例最高,为52.03%,冷锋前部型造成的能见度最低.气流轨迹聚类分析表明,影响中山的气流轨迹有7类,主要来源于东北方向的大陆和偏东方向的沿海;在东北方向气流轨迹影响下,污染物浓度较高;在东部沿海的气流轨迹下,能见度较低,表明中山市的霾天气受区域传输影响显著.     

广州市大气污染特征及其典型环流形势分析

基于2016—2019年空气质量监测数据、地面气象观测数据和中低层天气形势图,分析了广州市大气污染特征及其典型环流形势特征,揭示了不同环流形势与污染物浓度之间的关系.结果表明：(1)近年来广州市随着细颗粒物污染持续改善,空气质量优良率基本维持在80%及以上,但光化学污染问题逐渐凸显,O₃已成为广州市大气污染的主要污染物.(2)广州市大气污染季节变化明显,主要表现为秋、冬季更易出现大气污染,且多为持续性(≥5 d)污染.(3)经过分型和统计,总结出10种典型500 hPa-850 hPa-地面环流型,分别为台风外围-台风外围-台风外围、副高边缘-反气旋环流-变形高压脊、副高边缘-反气旋环流-冷锋前、副高-偏南气流-均压场、副高-偏东气流-均压场、副高-反气旋环流-均压场、副高边缘-反气旋环流-冷高压脊、西风槽槽后-反气旋环流-变性高压脊、副高-偏南气流-冷锋前、副高边缘-偏南气流-冷锋前.个例分析表明,这10种典型环流型可以概述最主要的广州大气污染环流形势,对空气质量预报有一定的指导作用.     

Hydrodynamic characteristics of a four-compartment periodic anaerobic ba ed reactor

Periodic anaerobic baffled reactor (PABR) is a novel reactor based on the design concept of anaerobic baffled reactor (ABR). Residence time distribution (RTD) studies on both clean and working reactors at the same hydraulic residence time (HRT) of 2 d were carried out to investigate the dead spaces and mixing patterns in PABRs at different organic loading rates (OLRs) in various switching manners and frequencies.The results showed that the fraction of dead space in PABR was similar to that in ABR,which was low in comparison with other reactor designs.Dead space may be divided into two categories,hydraulic and biological.In RTD studies without biomass,the hydraulic dead space in the PABR run in an"every second"switching manner with T=2 d was the lowest whereas that in the PABR run in a T=∞(ABR) switching manner was the highest.The same trend was obtained with the total dead space in RTD studies with biomass no matter what the OLR was.Biological dead space was the major contributor to dead space but affected decreasingly at higher OLR whichever switching manner the PABR run in.The flow patterns within the PABRs were intermediate between plug-flow and perfectly mixed under all the conditions tested.