HYDROLOGIC ENGINEERING CENTER PLANNING MODELS1

ABSTRACT: The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers has broad, nationwide water resources planning and management responsibilities. In response to the needs of Corps professionals, the Hydrologic Engineering Center (HEC) has developed and supports a family of computer programs designed to aid them in their work. These programs include catchment, channel, alluvial, and statistical process models, system operation models, plan evaluation models, and data management programs. These models individually and collectively have been used throughout the Corps in a wide range of water resources planning studies.     

THE MISSING LINK-WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT OPERATORS1

ABSTRACT. The need for trained manpower in the wastewater treatment field has become critical, especially at the Operator level. Each year for the next five years, an estimated 4,500 new operators will need to be trained and an estimated 7,300 present operators will need skill-improvement training. During 1969–70, the Federal Water Quality Administration (FWQA) initiated a new type of Operator Training Program in collaboration with the Departments of Labor (DOL) and Health, Education, and Welfare (HEW); 1,200 operators were successfully trained in 20 states. Approximately 900 were trained under the Cooperative Area Manpower Planning System (CAMPS). During 1970–71, under the joint auspices of the FWQA, DOL, HEW and Department of Defense (DOD), approximately 2,600 operators will be trained in four different programs-in addition to a possible 900 trained under CAMPS. Also important is the human element: motivation of the operator; career-ladders with increased salaries; certification; enhancing the public image of the operator.     

State Forest Practice Regulatory Programs: An Approach to Implementing Ecosystem Management on Private Forest Lands in the United States

/ Implemented in the context of a long history ofintense public debate, forestry practices applied on private forest land areregulated in some form by 38 states. State regulatory activities can involvemany agencies implementing numerous regulatory laws, a single forestry agencyadministering a comprehensive regulatory program, or a combination of thetwo. Regulatory programs are designed to protect resources such as soils,water, wildlife, and scenic beauty. Program administration often involvesrule promulgation, harvest plan reviews, coordination of interagency reviews,and pre- and postharvest on-site inspections. Forest practice rules usuallyfocus on reforestation, forest roads, harvest procedures, and wildlifehabitat protection. Emerging regulatory trends include growth of multiagencyregulatory authority and associated jurisdictional conflicts, increasedtendencies to narrowly specify standards in statutes and rules, emergence ofcontingent regulations, growing sensitivity to processes enabling theadoption of new forest practice technologies and an ability to addresscumulative effects, interest in collaborative rule-making stemming fromheightened concern over legalization of administration processes, and growingconcern over the constitutional foundations for regulatory programs and thegovernment and private sector cost of implementing such programs.KEY WORDS: Ecosystem management; Forestry practices; Private landowners;Regulatory programs; State government     

A Framework for Designing Ecological Monitoring Programs for Protected Areas: A Case Study of the Galachos del Ebro Nature Reserve (Spain)

The assessment of management effectiveness in protected areas, i.e., the evaluation of whether management strategies are actually helping to achieve stated goals, is becoming a priority. In any such evaluation, accurate information concerning the dynamics of the managed system is required—information that is gathered through monitoring. Few protected areas, however, have well-developed monitoring plans, and reserve managers are faced with a shortage of protocols for their design. This paper proposes a methodology, applicable to a wide range of situations, for designing such plans. The process begins with the precise definition of the aims of the monitoring plan, followed by the identification of key ecological processes and management objectives for the area, and finally the selection of a reduced set of indicators. These indicators are represented at three levels of growing complexity, allowing the plan to be followed in a modular fashion and in agreement with available resources.     

A MODEL FOR ACHIEVING CONSISTENCY FOR COST SHARING IN WATER RESOURCE PROGRAMS1

ABSTRACT: Three basic principles of responsibility have influenced the Federal/non-Federal cost sharing rates for water resources programs (1) full payment by beneficiaries (2) exclusive Federal assumption of costs and (3) joint Federal/non-Federal sharing. The efforts to determine appropriate cost sharing rates have resulted in several hundred complex arrangements involving contributions, user charges and direct sales based on many variations of payment terms. This basic present value model was developed to determine the non-Federal cost shares which are expected to be paid for 32 different functional purposes emanating from Federal water resources programs and projects for both implementation and OMR stages. The model introduces the concept of a composite (implementation plus OMR) cost share as a focus developing appropriate cost sharing rates for the private, public and mixed outputs produced through public water resources investments. The model can be used as a focus for policy decisions on cost sharing which seek to achieve consistent and equitable cost shares for purposes provided while maintaining an efficient allocation of resources within water programs.     

Cost optimization and reliability assessment of a microgrid with large-scale plug-in electric vehicles participating in demand response programs

ABSTRACT

In this paper, an effective objective function is proposed to minimize the cost of operation of a microgrid with large-scale plug-in electric vehicles and renewable energy resources. The profit of consumers is taken into account by utilizing the incentives in the demand response programs, and vehicle-to-grid feature of the plug-in-electric vehicles integrated into the grid. The optimization is performed using genetic algorithms. Also, reliability indices of the economically optimized microgrid are computed for various operation configurations in both the grid-tied and islanded modes. Numerical studies are conducted on a microgrid testbed to validate the performance of the proposed strategy.     

我国安全工程专业高等教育发展现状分析

为了构建科学的安全工程专业人才培养模式,促进安全工程专业高等教育的发展,作者在回顾我国安全工程专业建立和发展历程的基础上,统计了当前全国开设安全工程专业的高校数量、规模以及发展趋势;同时对我国高等院校安全工程专业的培养模式、课程设置以及毕业生就业等方面的现状进行了分析;指出了目前我国安全工程专业高等教育所存在的问题,并就如何解决这些问题给出了相应的建议,对我国更好地培养安全工程专业人才具有科学性指导意义。     

无编程图形界面的建立

简扼介绍了关系型数据库Ｓｕｐｅｒｂａｓｅ，并以一个环境监测实例阐述如何运用Ｓｕｐｅｒｂａｓｅ，无须编程而建立图形界面的过程。     

Problem driver remediation: a meta-analysis of the driver improvement literature

PROBLEM: Given the public safety risk posed by violation and crash repeaters and the substantial costs for state driver improvement programs, it is important that their effectiveness be scientifically demonstrated and that intervention programs are based on sound research findings. METHOD: Crash and traffic violation standardized effect sizes (d) representing 106 individual interventions were coded from 35 methodologically sound studies and analyzed using meta-analysis. RESULTS: Driver improvement intervention in general was associated with small but significant reductions in both crashes (dw = 0.03) and violations (dw = 0.06). Significant effects were found on both measures for warning letters, group meetings, individual hearings, and license suspense/revocation. Of the driver improvement interventions studied, license suspension/revocation was by far the most effective treatment for both crashes and violations (dw = 0.11 and 0.19). Since one of the objectives of license suspension/revocation is to eliminate driving for the period of suspension, it is possible that much or all of the effect is due to reduced exposure and/or more careful driving during the suspension interval. Results were mixed for other types of interventions, although distributing educational or informational material was not associated with any reductions. Interventions associated with violation reduction tended to also be associated with crash reduction, although the relationship was not very strong (r = .30). DISCUSSION: Although interpretation of the effect size estimates was complicated by almost ubiquitous heterogeneity, the results do suggest an overall positive impact of driver improvement interventions in general. IMPACT ON INDUSTRY: The results support the continued use of driver improvement interventions, chiefly warning letters, group meetings, individual hearings, and especially license suspension/revocation. The results also suggest that court-triggered traffic violator programs are less effective than interventions triggered by drivers license agencies.     

中国沿海开放地区工业污染控制的探讨

在环境保护工作由污染问题治现向清洁生产转变过程中，中国沿海开放地区、外资，合资、集体和个体企业在其工业结构中所占比重较大，且要求有良好投资环境，当前控制工业污染，须按社会主义市场经济规律征收资源费和排污费，同时要加强环境规划，建立环境管理系统，有效调工业污原杂源，为保证受损环境得以恢复，须加强环境建设和环境投资。