废弃电器电子产品绿色回收工艺及集中处理案例研究

从废弃电器电子产品资源化的潜在价值、产业政策、环保政策等方面,分析了废弃电器电子产品回收及资源化基地建设的必要性。重点论述了大宗废弃电器电子产品的资源化方法及工艺,同时说明了这些技术及工艺应用的优缺点、产污环节及其控制方式。以佛山市废弃电器电子产品绿色回收拆解及资源循环利用示范基地为例,分析了废旧家电集中处理的可行性和优越性,同时介绍了该基地的建设情况、经济效益和环境效益。该基地的实施为其他城市同类废物回收提供了一个借鉴模板。     

射频识别技术在废弃电器电子产品处理审核中的应用

自2012年以来,中国建立了废弃电器电子产品处理基金制度,通过补贴支持废弃电器电子产品的规范处理。相关政策明确要求加强废弃电器电子产品拆解处理的环保核查和数量审核,防止补贴资金骗补行为的发生。介绍了中国目前废弃电器电子产品基金审核的方式及存在的问题,并提出了构建物联网、应用射频识别(RFID)技术的解决方案,可以实现废弃电器电子产品的实际拆解过程与虚拟数据信息管理系统的无缝对接,从而有效改进基金审核的效果。     

Treatment of exhaust fluorescent lamps to recover yttrium: experimental and process analyses

The paper deals with recovery of yttrium from fluorescent powder coming from dismantling of spent fluorescent tubes. Metals are leached by using different acids (nitric, hydrochloric and sulphuric) and ammonia in different leaching tests. These tests show that ammonia is not suitable to recover yttrium, whereas HNO(3) produces toxic vapours. A full factorial design is carried out with HCl and H(2)SO(4) to evaluate the influence of operating factors. HCl and H(2)SO(4) leaching systems give similar results in terms of yttrium extraction yield, but the last one allows to reduce calcium extraction with subsequent advantage during recovery of yttrium compounds in the downstream. The greatest extraction of yttrium is obtained by 20% w/v S/L ratio, 4N H(2)SO(4) concentration and 90°C. Yttrium and calcium yields are nearly 85% and 5%, respectively. The analysis of variance shows that acid concentration alone and interaction between acid and pulp density have a significant positive effect on yttrium solubilization for both HCl and H(2)SO(4) medium. Two models are empirically developed to estimate yttrium and calcium concentration during leaching. Precipitation tests demonstrate that at least the stoichiometric amount of oxalic acid is necessary to recover yttrium efficiently and a pure yttrium oxalate n-hydrate can be produced (99% grade). The process is economically feasible if other components of the fluorescent lamps (glass, ferrous and non-ferrous scraps) are recovered after the equipment dismantling and valorized, besides the cost that is usually paid to recycling companies for collection, treatment or final disposal of such fluorescent powders.     

废旧电子电气设备回收处理的研究进展

概述了目前全球对废旧电子电气设备(Waste of Electronic Electric Equipment,简称WEEE)回收处理的基本情况,并根据废旧电子电气设备处理的特点,从机械物理处理方法、热化学处理方法以及处理过程中产生有毒有害物质的分离技术三方面,介绍近年来废旧电子电气设备回收处理的研究进展,最后指出了真空热解的使用将作为未来废旧电子电气设备处理的发展方向。     

电子废弃物资源化与综合利用途径及实现条件

人类社会的进步和科学技术的飞速发展带来了大量的电子产品,这些产品在方便人们生活的同时也形成了电子废弃物(WEEE)对环境的污染;从可持续发展和走新型工业化道路的目标出发,阐述了电子废弃物资源化与综合利用的基本途径和实现条件。     

中国电器电子产品生产者责任延伸制度的实施成效评估

以2012—2019年中国电器电子产品规范拆解处理数据为依据，分年度和区域分析了中国在电器电子产品领域推行生产者责任延伸制度所取得的成效，发现每千人收集台数、环境敏感性物质收集指数、可直接再生利用资源产出率等指标稳步增长。此外，通过求解Pearson相关系数并运用典型相关分析发现，在较高置信水平下，第一组指标（年度废弃电器电子产品处理基金核准补贴金额、从业企业数量、企业平均处理能力）和第二组指标（每千人废弃产品收集数量、环境敏感物质收集指数、可直接再生利用资源产出率），各指标两两之间显示出极强的相关度，且2个指标组的线性组合呈正相关。研究发现在一定前提条件下，通过增加从业企业数量，提高补贴金额或增大企业处理能力，能够促进每千人收集数量或环境敏感性物质收集指数2项指标的提升，但导致可直接再生利用资源产出率指标下降。     

Recycling of non-metallic fractions from waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE): A review

The world’s waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE) consumption has increased incredibly in recent decades, which have drawn much attention from the public. However, the major economic driving force for recycling of WEEE is the value of the metallic fractions (MFs). The non-metallic fractions (NMFs), which take up a large proportion of E-wastes, were treated by incineration or landfill in the past. NMFs from WEEE contain heavy metals, brominated flame retardant (BFRs) and other toxic and hazardous substances. Combustion as well as landfill may cause serious environmental problems. Therefore, research on resource reutilization and safe disposal of the NMFs from WEEE has a great significance from the viewpoint of environmental protection. Among the enormous variety of NMFs from WEEE, some of them are quite easy to recycle while others are difficult, such as plastics, glass and NMFs from waste printed circuit boards (WPCBs). In this paper, we mainly focus on the intractable NMFs from WEEE. Methods and technologies of recycling the two types of NMFs from WEEE, plastics, glass are reviewed in this paper. For WEEE plastics, the pyrolysis technology has the lowest energy consumption and the pyrolysis oil could be obtained, but the containing of BFRs makes the pyrolysis recycling process problematic. Supercritical fluids (SCF) and gasification technology have a potentially smaller environmental impact than pyrolysis process, but the energy consumption is higher. With regard to WEEE glass, lead removing is requisite before the reutilization of the cathode ray tube (CRT) funnel glass, and the recycling of liquid crystal display (LCD) glass is economically viable for the containing of precious metals (indium and tin). However, the environmental assessment of the recycling process is essential and important before the industrialized production stage. For example, noise and dust should be evaluated during the glass cutting process. This study could contribute significantly to understanding the recycling methods of NMFs from WEEE and serve as guidance for the future technology research and development.     

美国电子废弃物资源化产业现状分析

近几年，随着人们对电子废弃物认识的深入以及环保意识的提高，电子废弃物资源化产业得到了迅速发展。在美国已成为一项新兴产业。概括性总结了美国电子废弃物资源化产业的经济规模、生产规模、产业结构、工艺技术、产业发展背景以及相关法律法规，为我国电子废弃物资源化发展提供借鉴。     

ICT reuse in socio-economic enterprises

In Europe, socio-economic enterprises such as charities, voluntary organisations and not-for-profit companies are involved in the repair, refurbishment and reuse of various products. This paper characterises and analyses the operations of socio-economic enterprises that are involved in the reuse of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) equipment. Using findings from a survey, the paper specifically analyses the reuse activities of socio-economic enterprises in the UK from which Europe-wide conclusions are drawn. The amount of ICT products handled by the reuse organisations is quantified and potential barriers and opportunities to their operations are analysed. By-products from reuse activities are discussed and recommendations to improve reuse activities are provided. The most common ICT products dealt with by socio-economic enterprises are computers and related equipment. In the UK in 2010, an estimated 143,750 appliances were reused. However, due to limitations in data, it is difficult to compare this number to the amount of new appliances that entered the UK market or the amount of waste electrical and electronic equipment generated in the same period. Difficulties in marketing products and numerous legislative requirements are the most common barriers to reuse operations. Despite various constraints, it is clear that organisations involved in reuse of ICT could contribute significantly to resource efficiency and a circular economy. It is suggested that clustering of their operations into “reuse parks” would enhance both their profile and their products. Reuse parks would also improve consumer confidence in and subsequently sales of the products. Further, it is advocated that industrial networking opportunities for the exchange of by-products resulting from the organisations’ activities should be investigated. The findings make two significant contributions to the current literature. One, they provide a detailed insight into the reuse operations of socio-economic enterprises. Previously unavailable data has been presented and analysed. Secondly, new evidence about the by-products/materials resulting from socio-economic enterprises’ reuse activities has been obtained. These contributions add substantially to our understanding of the important role of reuse organisations.     

电子废弃物资源化技术现状

随着电子废弃物数量的日益增加和对电子废弃物资源化利用要求的提高,电子废弃物经历了由堆存到资源化利用的发展过程.目前电子废弃物资源化技术主要包括物理处理法、化学处理法和热处理法等方法,实现电子废弃物的资源化.