室内环境污染及防治对策

室内环境污染已成为现实生活中越来越显著的问题,严重影响着人们的身体健康,应该尽早建立监测和监督管理制度。本文对此进行了研究和探讨,并提出相应对策,指出了室内环境污染的防治要从源头有效控制和普及居住健康知识以及加强监督管理三个方面入手,住宅装修要坚持绿色方向,推广使用室内空气净化设施,选择好装饰材料,注意家电污染,增加室内换气频率,政府部门要加强对行业的监督管理,加强科研工作,制定绿色产品标准。     

锰矿废弃地重金属污染土壤的评价及修复措施探讨

采用地积累指数及LarsHakanson潜在生态危害指数法对湘潭锰矿废弃地重金属的生态危害进行评价与比较。结果表明,CA、Mn、Pb、Zn、的地积累指数均大于5,达到极严重污染水平,Cu为中等污染水平。5种重金属的潜在生态危害系数和潜在生态危害指数表明,Mn、Pb、CA为极强的生态危害,Zn为中等生态危害,Cu为轻微生态危害,Mn、Pb、CA生态危害系数均高于极强生态危害系数的临界值,为该地区产生生态危害的主要因子。多种重金属潜在生态危害指数表明,该地区重金属污染属于极强的生态危害。两种评价方法对比,潜在生态危害指数法略为保守,两者结合更具实际应用意义。     

北江中上游底泥重金属污染及其潜在生态危害评价

为全面了解北江中上游底泥沉积物中重金属含量及其潜在生态危害程度,在北江干流及支流共采集了25个底泥样品,测试了Cu、Pb、Zn、Cd、Ni、Cr、As、Hg共8种重金属元素,采用地积累指数法和潜在生态危害指数法对北江中上游底泥重金属污染进行分析和评价.结果表明,北江中上游无论是干流还是支流其底泥受多种重金属污染而且污染程度相当严重,各种重金属的污染程度由强至弱依次为:Cd HgZnAsPb≈CuNiCr;金属污染物对北江中上游构成的潜在生态危害由强至弱依次为:Cd HgPb≈AsCuZnCr,其中Cd的影响占绝对主导地位.总体而言,北江干流由于纳污量最大,长期的积累使得北江干流段的重金属污染程度较支流严重;支流中马坝河的污染程度最高,其次是浈江和江.     

佛山水道底泥重金属污染调查

为了解佛山水道底泥的污染状况,对佛山水道底泥重金属的总体水平及其潜在生态危害进行了调查.结果表明,佛山水道底泥重金属的质量比处于较高水平,Hg的平均质量比达到背景值的20倍,As的平均质量比是背景值的2倍多.根据潜在生态危害指数法的评价结果,佛山水道底泥重金属对生态系统的危害已达到很强的程度;各种重金属的生态危害排序为:Hg＞Cd＞Pb＞Cu＞As＞Cr＞Zn,其中Hg的生态危害已达到了极强的程度.     

辽宁绥中海域海水和表层沉积物中重金属污染评价

根据2009年10月的调查数据对辽宁绥中海域海水和表层沉积物中的重金属(砷、汞、铜、铅、锌和镉)进行了研究。用单因子指数评价法对海水中的重金属进行了评价,结果表明,海水中的Zn、Hg含量均超过《海水水质标准》(GB3097-1997)中Ⅰ类海水水质标准。采用《海洋沉积物质量》(GB 18668-2002)Ⅰ类海洋沉积物质量标准评价,表层沉积物中的As超标一倍以上。采用瑞典科学家Hkanson的潜在生态危害指数法进行评价,生态危害程度As>Hg>Cd>Cu>Zn>Pb。     

Photoelectrocatalytic degradation of recalcitrant organic pollutants using TiO2 film electrodes: an overview

Photoelectrocatalytic (PEC) technology involved applying an electrical bias to a TiO₂ film electrode, has been widely applied to the degradation of refractory organic pollutants, owing to its high degradation efficiency. This paper reviews recent developments in the PEC degradation of recalcitrant organic contaminants using a TiO₂ film electrode. The preparation and application of various TiO₂ film electrodes have been investigated, as well as the parameters that influence PEC activity such as the crystal structure, the film thickness and substrate material, the applied electrical bias, the solution pH and conductivity. The improvement of PEC activity by doping the TiO₂ film electrode with metal and non-metal ions has been discussed. The mechanism and kinetics for the PEC degradation of organic pollutants have also been highlighted.     

Pollution sources of atmospheric fine particles and secondary aerosol characteristics in Beijing

To investigate the secondary formation and pollution sources of atmospheric particles in urban Beijing, PM_2.5 and its chemical components were collected and determined by URG-9000D ambient ion monitor (AIM) from March 2016 to January 2017. Among water-soluble ions (WSIs), NO₃^?, SO₄^2- and NH₄⁺ (SNA) had the largest proportion (77.8%) with the total concentration of 23.8 μg/m³. Moreover, as fine particle pollution worsened, the NO₃^?, SO₄^2- and NH₄⁺ concentrations increased basically, which revealed that secondary aerosols were the main cause of particle pollution in Beijing. Furthermore, the particle neutralization ratio (1.1), the ammonia to sulfate molar ratio (3.4) and the nitrate to sulfate molar ratio (2.2) showed that secondary aerosols are under ammonium-rich conditions with the main chemical forms of NH₄NO₃ and (NH₄)₂SO₄, and vehicle emission could be the main anthropogenic source of secondary aerosols in Beijing. Source analysis further indicated that secondary aerosols, solid fuel combustion, dust and marine aerosol were the principal pollution sources of PM_2.5, accounting for about 46.1%, 22.4% and 13.0%, respectively, and Inner Mongolia and Hebei Provinces could be considered as the main potential sources of PM_2.5 in urban Beijing. In addition, secondary formation process was closely related with gaseous precursor emission amounts (SO₂, NO₂, NH₃ and HONO), atmospheric ozone concentration (O₃), meteorological conditions (temperature and relative humidity) and particle components. Sensitive analysis of the thermodynamic equilibrium model (ISORROPIA II) revealed that controlling total nitrate (TN) is the effective measure to mitigate fine particle pollution in Beijing.     

组合压气机中尾迹与势流同频/异频干涉的叠加特性

为揭示多级压气机中上下游叶轮对中间叶片叠加气动影响特性,阐述不同叠加干涉情况下下游叶轮进气角度变化,采用数值方法模拟了一级轴流和一级离心组成的组合压气机非定常流场。详细讨论了上游动叶尾迹和下游动叶势流对中间导流叶栅段气流非定常流动的异频和同频叠加干涉特性,依据计算结果,直观地展示了静叶通道中两种干涉间相互激励和抑制作用的位置和时间,与数学公式的推导结果相互印证。研究结果表明:当上下游动叶对中间静叶段异频干涉时,干涉的激励、抑制区域的轴向位置随时间发生变化;当上下游动叶对中间静叶干涉频率相同时,干涉的相互激励、抑制区域的轴向位置不随时间发生变化,但干涉的激励、抑制区域的轴向位置受时序位置影响。另外,上游动叶尾迹与下游离心叶轮势流的不同叠加情况,决定着下游离心叶轮进口相对气流角的大小及波动幅值。      

ANAMMOX体系中氨与硫酸盐的同步转化条件

在CFSTR(continuous flow stirred tank reactor)反应器中接种混合污泥(ANAMMOX污泥与污水厂浓缩污泥按1∶1混合)研究NH_4~+与SO_4~(2-)的同步转化,通过不断投加污泥令体系内ORP值稳定在(-200±50) mV,同步转化现象持续42 d,NH_4~+平均转化14. 81 mg·L~(-1),SO_4~(2-)平均转化8. 77 mg·L~(-1).在批试实验中通过溶液是否充满玻璃瓶来控制体系内厌氧条件,不充满组NH_4~+与SO_4~(2-)均降低,但两者的转化不同步;在完全充满组中NH_4~+不转化,SO_4~(2-)浓度下降明显,实验后期检测到S~(2-).分析认为同步转化现象产生的一般条件为NH_4~+和SO_4~(2-)基质充足,接种浓度适量的混合污泥,体系漏氧且ORP检测值在-150～-300 mV范围内.同时认为本文及相关研究中所使用的实验条件均不能证明NH_4~+与SO24-的同步转化是两者相互转化的结果,相反实验条件更利于NH4+与SO24-各自独立转化.     

廊坊市污水的资源化利用

本文对廊坊市水资源现状进行了分析,并阐述了污水资源化利用的必要性和意义。目前,污水处理事业在廊坊市的蓬勃发展给污水资源化利用奠定了坚实的基础,本文得出了廊坊市在污水资源化方面尚有较大的潜力,主要是景观用水、市政公用事业用水、开发农业灌溉技术、工业水回用、建立中水回用系统五个等方面。