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161.
铬的浸出毒性试验方法研究 总被引:16,自引:0,他引:16
以铬为分析指标,探讨了钻井废充泥浆在不同的提取剂、没的提取时间、不同的固液比以及不同的提取方式下铬的浸出毒性大小,提出了适合评价钻井废充泥浆中铬的浸出毒性的试验方法。 相似文献
162.
This paper discusses a method by which individuals working in government, private business, not-for-profit and educational organizations developed a collaborative statewide program involving the exchange of materials from manufacturers, commercial business and not-for-profit organizations in Ohio. 相似文献
163.
R. Barna Z. Rethy A. Imyim Y. Perrodin P. Moszkowicz L. Tiruta-Barna 《Waste management (New York, N.Y.)》2000,20(8):342
The reuse of waste materials requires the development of assessment methods for the long-term release of pollutants (source term) from wastes (or materials containing wastes) in contact with water. These methods depend on the scenario conditions: characteristics of the materials (especially physical structure and composition), contact with water. The scenario studied here is a water storage reservoir for fire fighting. The reservoir construction is made of a mixture of hydraulic binders and air pollution control (APC) residues from a municipal solid waste incinerator (MSWI). The modelling of the source term is performed in 5 steps ranging from the physico-chemical characterisation of the material to the validation of the proposed model by means of field simulation devices. This article presents the first steps of the methodology: physico-chemical characterisation of the source term, identification of the main transfer mechanisms and laboratory scale modelling of the source term. During the physico-chemical characterisation, it has been shown that the solidified waste shows a high basic capacity and that a relative decrease in pH during leaching favours retention of the main pollutants. During the first leaching sequences, the dynamic leaching tests show that the release of pollutants such as cadmium, arsenic, zinc and lead is extremely low but that the release of alkaline species (sodium and potassium) and chloride is very high from the beginning, whereas the release of calcium remains very high even after 3600 h of leaching. Identification of the main transfer mechanisms concludes that the release of soluble pollutants is the combined result of diffusional transfer of pollutants in the solution and the physico-chemical specificity of the species. The modelling based on these features enables a good simulation of the release but reveals a deviation from the experimental results after 500 h for alkaline species and 1000 h for Ca and Cl leaching. However, this deviation only appears after release of the major part of these elements. 相似文献
164.
Evaluation of recycling policies for PET bottles based on multiattribute utility indices 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
This study focused on waste plastic, especially the polyethylene telephthalate (PET) bottle as representative waste, which
has been assigned as goods to be recycled by the Packaging Waste Recycling Law in Japan. We developed a plastic transport
model which explained the entire flow of plastic from the production stage to the disposal stage within an the evaluation
model of plastic recycle policy based on multiattribute utility theory. This model is designed to be used by local municipal
governments in supporting the evaluation of the PET bottle recycling policy. In evaluating the plastics recycling policy,
we selected indices relating to economy, ecology, and rate of resource recycling. The results indicate that when the evaluation
of the material recycling policy and thermal recycling policy in the model city were characterized in terms of their economic
and environmental aspects the thermal recycling policy had the highest utility within our scenario.
Received: July 31, 1998 / Accepted: January 26, 1999 相似文献
165.
166.
Zhao Rongfang Ye Shufeng Xie Yusheng Chen Yunfa 《Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management》2007,9(1):7-14
A new way to implement the simultaneous reutilization of solid waste, the desulfurization of coke oven gas (COG), and even
the desulfurization of coke by the co-coking of coking coal (CC) and waste plastic (WP) blended with a sorbent is proposed;
the evolution of H2S and the removal efficiency of H2S from COG during the co-coking process were investigated in a lab-scale cylindrical reactor. The experimental results indicated
that for the coking of CC blended with ZnO, Fe2O3, or blast furnace dust (BFD) as a sorbent, the instantaneous concentration of H2S in COG was lower than 500 mg/m3 (which meets the technical specification requirement of the Chinese Cleaner Production Standard–Coking Industry, HJ/T 126-2003)
when the molar ratio between the key component of the sorbent and the volatile S in CC or the CC/WP blend, n
Zn+Fe/n
S, was about 1.2 for ZnO and Fe2O3, but not for BFD under the same conditions, suggesting that ZnO and Fe2O3 are promising sorbents, but that BFD must be treated chemical or thermally before being used as a sorbent because of the
size and complicated nature of the influence of its phase/chemical composition on its desulfurization ability. However, for
the co-coking of CC and WP blended with ZnO as a sorbent, n
Zn+Fe/n
S must increase to 1.4 and 1.7 for 100/2 and 100/5 blends of CC/WP, respectively, to ensure a satisfactory efficiency for H2S removal from COG.
Part of this paper was presented at the International Symposium on EcoTopia Science 2005 (ISET05), Aug 8–9, 2005, Chikusa-ku,
Nagoya, Japan 相似文献
167.
Wastewater management in small and medium-sized enterprises representing the chemical and food industries was investigated.
The results showed that wastewater discharged from an ink-production factory was highly contaminated with organic pollutants.
Anaerobic biological treatment followed by chemical coagulation using ferric chloride aided with lime proved to be very effective
and produced an effluent that complied with national regulatory standard for wastewater discharge into public sewage network.
Also, management of wastewater from a confectionery factory representing the food sector was carried out. Aerobic biological
treatment using plastic-packed trickling filter proved to be an effective treatment method. However, application of in-plant
control measures alleviated the requirement for the construction of a wastewater treatment plant. The applied pollution prevention
and cleaner production measures involved good housekeeping, recovery of spent chocolate, modification of floor cleaning and
installation of suction devices for the removal of sugar and starch powders. All improvement measures were documented by cost/benefit
analysis. 相似文献
168.
Pre-concentration and separation of heavy metal ions by chemically modified waste paper gel 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Iminodiacetic acid was immobilized on waste paper by chemical modification in order to develop a new type of adsorption gel for heavy metal ions. Adsorption behavior of the gel was investigated for a number of metal ions, specifically Cu(II), Pb(II), Fe(III), Ni(II), Cd(II), and Co(II) at acidic pH. From batch adsorption tests, the order of selectivity was found to be as follows: Cu(II) Fe(III) > Pb(II) > Ni(II) Co(II) > Cd(II). Column tests were carried out for pairs of metal ions to understand the separation and pre-concentration behavior of the gel. It was found that mutual separation of Ni(II) from Co(II) and that of Pb(II) from Cd(II) can be achieved at pH 3. Similarly, selective separation of Cu(II) from Cu(II)–Fe(III) and Cu(II)–Pb(II) mixtures at pH 1.5 and 2, respectively, was observed by using this new adsorption gel. In all cases, almost complete recovery of the adsorbed metal was confirmed by elution tests with HCl. 相似文献
169.
Management of flame retarded plastics from waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE) has been posing a major challenge to waste management experts because of the potential environmental contamination issues especially the formation of polybrominated-dioxins and -furans (PBDD/F) during processing. In Nigeria, large quantities of electronic waste (e-waste) are currently being managed—a significant quantity of which is imported illegally as secondhand electronics. As much as 75% of these illegal imports are never reused but are rather discarded. These waste electronic devices are mostly older equipment that contains brominated flame retardants (BFRs) such as penta-brominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), and polybrominated biphenyls (PBBs) which are presently banned in Europe under the EU WEEE and RoHS Directives. Risk assessment studies found both to be persistent, bio-accumulative and toxic. The present management practices for waste plastics from WEEE in Nigeria, such as open burning and disposal at open dumps, creates potential for serious environmental pollution. This paper reviews the options in the environmentally sound management of waste plastics from electronic wastes. Options available include mechanical recycling, reprocessing into chemicals (chemical feedstock recycling) and energy recovery. The Creasolv® and Centrevap® processes, which are the outcome of the extensive research at achieving sound management of waste plastics from WEEE in Europe, are also reviewed. These are solvent-based methods of removing BFRs and they presently offer the best commercial and environmental option in the sound management of waste BFR-containing plastics. Because these developments have not been commercialized, WEEE and WEEE plastics are still being exported to developing countries. The industrial application of these processes and the development of eco-friendlier alternative flame retardants will help assure sound management of WEEE plastics. 相似文献
170.
Life cycle assessment of waste paper management: The importance of technology data and system boundaries in assessing recycling and incineration 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Hanna Merrild Anders Damgaard Thomas H. Christensen 《Resources, Conservation and Recycling》2008,52(12):1391-1398
The significance of technical data, as well as the significance of system boundary choices, when modelling the environmental impact from recycling and incineration of waste paper has been studied by a life cycle assessment focusing on global warming potentials. The consequence of choosing a specific set of data for the reprocessing technology, the virgin paper manufacturing technology and the incineration technology, as well as the importance of the recycling rate was studied. Furthermore, the system was expanded to include forestry and to include fossil fuel energy substitution from saved biomass, in order to study the importance of the system boundary choices. For recycling, the choice of virgin paper manufacturing data is most important, but the results show that also the impacts from the reprocessing technologies fluctuate greatly. For the overall results the choice of the technology data is of importance when comparing recycling including virgin paper substitution with incineration including energy substitution. Combining an environmentally high or low performing recycling technology with an environmentally high or low performing incineration technology can give quite different results. The modelling showed that recycling of paper, from a life cycle point of view, is environmentally equal or better than incineration with energy recovery only when the recycling technology is at a high environmental performance level. However, the modelling also showed that expanding the system to include substitution of fossil fuel energy by production of energy from the saved biomass associated with recycling will give a completely different result. In this case recycling is always more beneficial than incineration, thus increased recycling is desirable. Expanding the system to include forestry was shown to have a minor effect on the results. As assessments are often performed with a set choice of data and a set recycling rate, it is questionable how useful the results from this kind of LCA are for a policy maker. The high significance of the system boundary choices stresses the importance of scientific discussion on how to best address system analysis of recycling, for paper and other recyclable materials. 相似文献