Characterizing vulnerability to water scarcity: The case of a groundwater-dependent, rapidly urbanizing region

Groundwater overdraft is a resource management issue that poses a threat for the security of communities. Impacts of groundwater overdraft are influenced by the biophysical and social contexts of water management. This paper presents a method for assessing vulnerability to water scarcity in spatial terms using biophysical and social indicators. A geographic information system was used to establish areas of vulnerability based upon hydrologic variability in water resource availability within a groundwater basin, three types of water management systems, and 10 sociodemographic characteristics. Our study area is in the rapidly urbanizing Arizona Central Highlands, located 150 km north of the Phoenix metropolitan region, USA. Results indicate that the most biophysically vulnerable places do not necessarily intersect with the most vulnerable populations and that local differences in vulnerability are interrelated, rather than independent, outcomes in a process of socioenvironmental transformation. Vulnerability is influenced by laws that deny access to local surface waters and lead to dependence on fossil groundwater, and by economic reliance on urbanization. Localities attempt to reduce vulnerability through the development of community water systems and the expansion of water frontiers. While such strategies may reduce local vulnerability, they are not sustainable solutions because they transfer risks to other places, and thus contribute to vulnerability elsewhere.     

Does seston size structure reflect fish-mediated effects on water quality in a degraded semiarid wetland?

This study evaluates whether the size structure of seston (the sum of living and nonliving particles in the water column) reflects the effects of fish on wetland water quality. Using enclosures, we measured water quality and zooplankton community structure in the presence and absence of two fish species with distinct foraging strategies [benthivorous carp (Cyprinus carpio) and planktivorous mosquitofish (Gambusia holbrooki)]. Seston collected from the enclosures was counted and sized automatically with a Coulter counter, and the size structure in the range of 1–60 μm was modelled using the underlying Pareto distribution of particles. Only Cyprinus contributed to a loss of water quality (increased nutrient levels, algal and non-algal turbidity, hypoxia), while both fish species changed zooplankton community composition compared to fishless controls. However, these changes were not reflected in parameters [goodness of fit (r ²) and parameter c (slopes)] of Pareto models. Multivariate statistics suggest that seston size structure responded more to environmental gradients related to water depth but the relationships were also weak. Our overall result contrasts with the regulation of size spectra constructed from living organisms. Although seston integrates many structural and functional features of the water column, the lack of strong relationships between Pareto model parameters and water quality suggests that a size-based approach to characterise seston structure has a limited potential for assessing biota-mediated effects in wetlands in a straightforward manner.     

氧化亚铁硫杆菌的分离及生长特性研究

从酸性矿坑水中分离得到3株细菌S1、S2和S3,经16S rRNA序列分析,S3为氧化亚铁硫杆菌(Thiobacillusferrooxidans)。对S3菌,选取初始Fe2+浓度和初始pH值为影响因子,设计正交试验,通过测定培养过程中pH值、氧化还原电位Eh、Fe2+浓度和总Fe浓度的变化,并计算Fe2+氧化速率,研究初始Fe2+浓度和初始pH值对细菌生长的影响。     

浅议高纯铜锌合金滤材处理水中重金属的应用

介绍高纯铜锌合金滤材的特性和先进性,以及讨论了去除水中铅、砷、汞的机理,可应用的范围,应用现状及前景。介绍高纯铜锌合金滤材的特性和先进性,以及讨论了去除水中铅、砷、汞的机理,可应用的范围,应用现状及前景。     

固相微萃取-气相色谱法测定水中痕量有机氯农药

建立了固相微萃取-气相色谱联用快速测定水中14种痕量有机氯农药的方法,对比研究了浸入式直接固相微萃取与顶空固相微萃取两种方式对不同有机氯农药的富集效率,优化了试验条件.方法线性关系良好,检出限为0.1 ng/L～10 ng/L,定量下限为0.2 ng/L～40 ng/L,RSD＜8%,实际水样的加标回收率为67.0%～133%.     

乙酰丙酮分光光度法测定水中甲醛时影响空白值的因素

针对水质中甲醛测定时试剂水、pH值、乙酰丙酮试剂、加热温度和显色时间等影响因素进行了讨论,并提出了减小空白值的对策.     

东伶仃洋海域水质调查

选择出11项评价因子,采用单项分指数法和平均分指数法,在涨潮、落潮、涨落潮时分别对伶仃洋东部海域水质进行监测,并与历史资料进行对比,对评价因子超标进行评价和原因分析,提出了补救与预防措施.     

某市南郊水源地土壤四氯化碳污染特征

含四氯化碳废水在排放的过程中沿排污渠侧壁和底部的渗漏对土壤造成污染.在对某市南郊受四氯化碳污染的水源地进行钻孔检测的过程中发现,土壤四氯化碳污染的特征:靠近排污沟的钻孔均检测出四氯化碳,而远离排污沟的钻孔则未检出;四氯化碳的垂向分布存在不连续性,且受降雨影响较大;大部分钻孔浅层土壤中基本未检测到四氯化碳,而在3 m以下的土层和基岩中检测到四氯化碳;抽水井的抽水行为导致抽水井附近土壤中四氯化碳明显高于其他钻孔点位检测结果.     

吹扫捕集-GC-MS测定废水中的硝基氯苯

建立了吹扫捕集-GC-MS测定水样中硝基氯苯类化合物的方法.考察了吹扫温度、吹扫时间等对吹扫捕集效率和方法检出限的影响.在室温下,当吹扫时间为30 min时,该方法的最低检出限可达0.002 mg/L,工作曲线的线性范围为2×10 -3 ～2 mg/L,相对标准偏差在2%～6%,加标回收率在97.0%～110.0%.与国家标准方法相比,该法具有操作简便、灵敏度高、线性范围宽且无须使用有毒有机溶剂等优点,可满足工业废水和地表水中硝基氯苯的测定要求.     

Watershed protection: Capturing the benefits of nature's water supply services

Healthy watersheds provide valuable services to society, including the supply and purification of fresh water. Because these natural ecosystem services lie outside the traditional domain of commercial markets, they are undervalued and underprotected. With population and development pressures leading to the rapid modification of watershed lands, valuable hydrological services are being lost, which poses risks to the quality and cost of drinking water and the reliability of water supplies. Increasing the scale and scope of programmes to protect hydrological services requires policies that harmonize land uses in watersheds with the provision of these important natural services. This article summarizes key attributes of hydrological services and their economic benefits; presents a spectrum of institutional mechanisms for safeguarding those services; discusses programmes in Quito (Ecuador), Costa Rica and New York City; and offers some lessons learned and recommendations for achieving higher levels of watershed protection.