Using the polychaete Arenicola marina to determine toxicity and bioaccumulation of PAHS bound to sediments

Transportation system has contributed significantly to the development of human civilization; on the other hand it has an enormous impact on the ambient air quality in several ways. In this paper the air and noise pollution at selected sites along three sections of National Highway was monitored. Pakistan National Highway Authority has started a Highway Improvement program for rehabilitations and maintenance of National highways to improve the traffic flows, and would ultimately improve the air quality along highways. The ambient air quality and noise level was monitored at nine different locations along these sections of highways to quantify the air pollution. The duration of monitoring at individual location was 72 h. The most of the sampling points were near the urban or village population, schools or hospitals, in order to quantify the air pollution at most affected locations along these roads. A database consisting of information regarding the source of emission, local metrology and air quality may be created to assess the profile of air quality in the area.     

Fecal source tracking by antibiotic resistance analysis on a watershed exhibiting low resistance

The ongoing development of microbial source tracking has made it possible to identify contamination sources with varying accuracy, depending on the method used. The purpose of this study was to test the efficiency of the antibiotic resistance analysis (ARA) method under low resistance by tracking the fecal sources at Turkey Creek, Oklahoma exhibiting this condition. The resistance patterns of 772 water-isolates, tested with nine antibiotics, were analyzed by discriminant analysis (DA) utilizing a five-source library containing 2250 isolates. The library passed various representativeness tests; however, two of the pulled-sample tests suggested insufficient sampling. The resubstitution test of the library individual sources showed significant isolate misclassification with an average rate of correct classification (ARCC) of 58%. These misclassifications were explained by low antibiotic resistance (Wilcoxon test P < 0.0001). Seasonal DA of stream E. coli isolates for the pooled sources human/livestock/deer indicated that in fall, the human source dominated (P < 0.0001) at a rate of 56%, and that human and livestock respective contributions in winter (35 and 39%), spring (43 and 40%), and summer (37 and 35%) were similar. Deer scored lower (17–28%) than human and livestock at every season. The DA was revised using results from a misclassification analysis to provide a perspective of the effect caused by low antibiotic resistance and a more realistic determination of the fecal source rates at Turkey Creek. The revision increased livestock rates by 13–14% (0.04 ≤ P ≤ 0.06), and decreased human and deer by 6–7%. Negative misclassification into livestock was significant (0.04 ≤ P ≤ 0.06). Low antibiotic resistance showed the greatest effect in this category.     

Modelling vegetation greenness responses to climate variability in a Mediterranean terrestrial ecosystem

Accurate knowledge of the quality and environmental impact of the highway runoff in Pear River Delta, South China is required to assess this important non-point pollution source. This paper presents the quality characterization and environmental impact assessment of rainfall runoff from highways in urban and rural area of Guangzhou, the largest city of Pear River Delta over 1 year’s investigation. Multiple regression and Pearson correlation analysis were used to determine influence of the rainfall characteristics on water quality and correlations among the constituents in highway runoff. The results and analysis indicates that the runoff water is nearly neutral with low biodegradability. Oil and grease (O&G), suspended solids (SS) and heavy metals are the dominant pollutants in contrast to the low level of nutrient constituents in runoff. Quality of highway runoff at rural site is better than that of at urban site for most constituents. Depth and antecedent dry period are the main rainfall factors influencing quality of highway runoff. The correlation patterns among constituents in highway runoff at urban site are consistent with their dominant phases in water. Strong correlations (r ≥ 0.80) are found among chemical oxygen demand (COD), total phosphorus, Cu and Zn as well as conductivity, nitrate nitrogen and total nitrogen. O&G, COD, SS and Pb in highway runoff at urban site substantially exceed their concentrations in receiving water of Pear River. The soil directly discharged by highway runoff at rural site has contaminated seriously by heavy metals in surface layer accompanying with pH conversion from original acidic to alkaline at present.     

浅谈水污染事故的应急监测

突发性水污染事故危害大,要求应急监测工作快速、及时和准确,要尽快找到污染发生源.说清污染物的空间和时间变化特征,迁移和变化趋势,污染物的排放总量,现场应急措施的效果等,便于相关人员进一步优化处理措施和试验方案.文章叙述了常见水污染事故的应急监测方法,并讨论了水污染事故应急监测过程中应注意的一些问题.     

环境质量评价的生物方法研究

环境质量的生物评价是以生物对环境污染的表现为基础的.环境质量评价的生物方法包括环境指示生物的选择,环境质量生物评价指标的确定和环境质量分类等3个步骤.论述了环境污染的生物表现,提出了选择环境指示生物的原则,给出了环境质量生物评价的3类指标,建立了环境质量4级分类体系.     

水体中泥沙对藻类光谱特征位置的影响分析

自然水体叶绿素a浓度的遥感反演中,泥沙的存在影响着反演精度.如何消除这种影响是提高叶绿素a遥感反演精度的关键,而了解泥沙对藻类光谱特征的影响是消除影响的前提.文章在人工控制条件下获取了不同泥沙浓度下藻类光谱曲线,通过分析光谱曲线特征位置的漂移和数值变化,总结泥沙对藻类光谱的影响并提出了消除影响的可能性.     

大体积进样-气相色谱法测定水中多种痕量有机磷农药

建立了大体积进样气相色谱-火焰光度法检测水中多种痕量有机磷农药的方法.重点研究了程序升温汽化(PTV)进样条件的选择,通过对分流排空量、吹扫时间、PIV起始温度等PTV参数的选择,优化了测试条件,提高了检测灵敏度.水中9种有机磷农药的线性良好,10ml水样中三乙基偶磷硫酯的检出限为0.01μg/L,硫磷嗪、致螟磷、甲拌磷、乐果、乙拌磷、甲基对硫磷、对硫磷和氨磺磷的检出限可达0.001μg/L.水中添加多种有机磷农药准确度精密度试验,平均回收率为85.8%～108%,相对标准差在3.3%～11.4%之间.与常规方法相比,该方法前处理简单快速、分析成本低.灵敏度、准确度和精密度均符合地表水检测质量的要求,适用于水环境中多种农药残留的快速检测.     

张家界国家森林公园地表水污染综合分析

随着旅游业的快速发展,张家界国家森林公园水环境保护、水污染治理及水资源利用问题已成为张家界旅游可持续发展中突出的问题.文章利用大量监测数据,对公园地表水污染状况进行模糊数学法综合评价,进行污染特征与污染规律分析,从而提出严格控制排污,科学规划水资源、严格控制景区客流量等对策及建议,以期为张家界国家森林公园水环境保护及张家界旅游业的持续健康发展提供决策参考.     

固相微萃取-气相色谱法测定水源地水中SVOC

采用固相微萃取-毛细管柱电子捕获气相色谱法测定水源地水中18种半挥发性有机物,优化了萃取纤维、时间、温度、pH值、转子转速、离子强度等萃取条件。方法线性良好,18种化合物的检出限为0.000 2μg/L~0.1μg/L,实际水样加标回收率为84.3%~109%。     

改性沸石分离富集-火焰原子吸收光谱法测定长江水中镉

采用改性沸石分离富集-火焰原子吸收光谱法测定长江水中微量镉,优化了富集和洗脱条件,讨论了干扰离子的影响。方法在0μg~4.00μg范围内线性良好,检出限为0.214μg/L,长江水平行测定的RSD为1.8%,加标回收率为99.0%~104%。