“十一五”期间内蒙古海勃湾断面水质状况及变化趋势分析

采用单因子指数、综合污染指数和秩相关系数法对海勃湾断面＂十一五＂期间的水质状况和变化趋势进行了分析。结果表明：海勃湾断面水质基本维持在Ⅲ类水平,部分时段达到Ⅳ类或Ⅴ类;水体水质受到轻污染,水质一般;从历年的变化趋势看,水质呈现不显著好转趋势。     

农户对替代生计的选择及其影响因素分析——以甘南黄河水源补给区为例

论文通过实地调查获得研究数据,分析了农区、 半农半牧区、 纯牧区农户替代生计选择的结果及特征,采用Logistic回归模型对影响农户替代生计选择意愿的因素进行分析。研究得出:①在替代生计的选择上,纯牧区农户主要选择特色产品加工、 做生意、 现代畜牧业,农区和半农半牧区农户主要选择做生意、 外出打工和旅游服务业;②农户对替代生计的选择表现出生计路径依赖性、 区域差异性和多样性特征;③农户对替代生计的选择偏好受生计资本的影响,自然资本、 社会资本、 家庭整体劳动能力、 家庭整体受教育水平、 家庭拥有的牲畜数量、 户主的学历和年龄分别对不同替代生计的选择影响显著。地方政府应深入了解农户选择替代生计的特点和影响因素,根据不同家庭的情况设计相应的转型政策促进农户尽快提高生计能力。     

新城水库对延寿倾斜观测的影响评价

水库蓄水变化是对延寿倾斜观测重要干扰因素之一,通过三维集中载荷模型可推算出库容变化对倾斜观测影响的定量计算、给出理论最小＂安静＂距离,同时对倾斜观测进行潮汐分析;并研究水库长期、中期、短期各个时期水库库容变化与延寿竖直摆倾斜观测曲线的关系,讨论得出在枯水期水库库容变化对倾斜观测的影响不大,在丰水期理论上水库库容的大幅度变化会对倾斜观测产生影响,但实际并未发现有明显影响。     

丹江口水库水环境保护协调机制研究

针对丹江口库区及其上游水环境保护现状和存在问题,探索建立跨地区、多部门、多层次的丹江口水库水环境保护协调机制,逐步形成国家和地方、流域与区域、水利部门与非水利部门间的水资源保护协调机制,以及流域上、下游分工明确、统一协调的水源地及其上游水资源保护管理新格局,以推进跨地区、跨部门的水资源管理,促进南水北调水源地水资源的持续利用。     

黑龙江黑河段“十一五”水环境质量现状及保护对策

通过对“十一五”期间黑龙江黑河段水环境质量监测数据统计分析,得出黑龙江黑河江段水环境质量现状评价结果,提出界江水环境保护对策。     

Water quality in rice-growing watersheds in a Mediterranean climate

Rice (Oryza sativa L.) agriculture is estimated to cover 161 million ha of land on Earth, with 10% grown in temperate regions. Currently there are strong concerns about surface water nutrient pollution, and the purpose of this study was to determine the impacts of temperate rice cultivation on nutrient dynamics at the small watershed scale. Over the course of the 2008 growing season (May through September), bi-weekly grab samples were collected from outlets of 11 agricultural subwatersheds in California. Samples were analyzed for NO₃-N, NH₄-N, PO₄-P, K, and dissolved organic nitrogen (DON) concentrations, and the average values across all subwatersheds and sampling dates were 0.22, 0.031, 0.047, 1.36, and 0.32 mg L⁻¹, respectively. Linear mixed effects analysis was used to evaluate the magnitude of relationships between nutrient concentration and flux and subwatershed characteristics (i.e. percent soil clay and organic matter, percent rice area, irrigation water reuse, subwatershed discharge, irrigated area, and time, measured as the day in the growing season). For all nutrients, flux decreased over time and increased with discharge. Concentrations of K and DON were highest at the start and end of the growing season. Concentrations of NH₄-N were near non-detect levels, with the exception of a peak in mid-July, which corresponds to when many growers top-dress rice fields with N fertilizer. Nitrate-N concentration and flux decreased with percent rice area, whereas PO₄-P concentrations increased with percent rice area, indicating that rice area should be considered in future watershed-scale studies of nutrient discharge. In all subwatersheds, the discharge loads of K were smaller than surface water input loads, while NO₃-N, NH₄-N, PO₄-P, and DON discharge loads exceeded input loads when total growing season discharge was greater than 3500-6600 m³ ha⁻¹. This implies that the management of subwatershed discharge can be used to control nutrient export from rice-growing areas.     

基于主成分分析法的武烈河流域水质评价研究

利用MATLAB软件,采用主成分分析法对武烈河流域水环境质量进行了综合评价.结果表明:武烈河流域水环境质量整体相对较好,高寺台下游断面的水质污染比较严重,五日生化需氧量和溶解氧的主成分贡献率超过0.5,说明流域有机污染严重,需要控制工农业废水排放,以遏制污染加剧、预防富营养化爆发.     

荆州市饮用水水源地环境现状及保护对策研究

对荆州市境内所有139个乡镇以上所有饮用水水源地和44个典型农村饮用水水源地基础环境进行了调查,深入分析了饮用水水源地工业污染、生活污水、分散式畜禽养殖、农业面源等污染情况,并对饮用水水源地水质状况进行了评价。结果表明:全市183个饮用水水源地有达标个数为85个,达标率为46.45%。其中,河流型水源地达标率为79.01%;湖库型水源地达标率为40%;地下水型水源地达标率为12.5%。最后总结了荆州市饮用水水源地存在的主要环境问题,针对问题提出相应的保护对策和建议。     

无机膜分离技术在水处理领域的应用研究

对无机膜分离技术在含油废水、生活污水及工业废水等水处理领域的研究现状、工程实例和应用前景进行综述,指出无机膜具有耐高温、耐腐蚀、耐污染、机械强度高等优异性能,在苛刻反应条件下的工业废水处理方面优势明显,尤其是陶瓷微滤和超滤膜在水处理领域的商品化应用已日渐成熟和稳定,并提出未来在无机膜应用领域的发展方向.     

Application of fish index of biological integrity (FIBI) in the Sanmenxia Wetland with water quality implications

Long-term changes of fish biotic integrity in the Sanmenxia Wetland,North China,since the 1950 s were assessed using the fish index of biological integrity（FIBI）. The water and sediment quality was evaluated by the water quality index（WQI） and sediment pollution index（SPI）. The results showed that FIBI continuously decreased from 46 to 20 during the past 5 decades,which indicated that the fish community state shifted from fair to very poor conditions,and damming by itself did not affect the fish biotic integrity. At the same time,WQI fell from 83 to 44.1,and SPI increased from 0.99 to 2.14 since the 1960 s,resulting from fast regional socio-economic development and insufficient wastewater treatment. Correlation analysis suggested that water quality significantly affected biotic integrity（r = 0.867,p 〈 0.05） through direct effects on the fish community. As a representative example of many wetlands in North China,our study clearly demonstrated that the biological integrity was degraded,induced both by water quality deterioration and sediment pollution,further driven by the contradiction between rapid development of regional economy and lagging development of sewage treatment facilities,which were thought to be the main factor responsible for the degradation of biological integrity.