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991.
Olen Paul Matthews 《Environmental management》1988,12(4):413-427
The Supreme Court's interpretation of the commerce clause controls the balance of power between state and federal governments in the United States. An understanding of the relationship between the different government levels is essential for resource managers concerned with resource and environmental issues. This study examines selected Supreme Court decisions between 1976 and 1988 to answer three questions raised by the commerce clause: (1) Is the regulated item an article of commerce? (2) Do state laws burden interstate commerce? (3) Is federal commerce regulation limited? The balance of power among the justices and the commerce clause theories affecting the federal role in resource management are also examined. Since ratification of the Constitution, the Supreme Court has continuously increased federal power, but states have power to act independently as long as contradictory federal laws do not exist and state law does not impermissively affect commerce. If Congress regulates an individual's use of resources, their power is unquestioned. Future Court decisions will not significantly reduce the federal role in resource management even if the Court's membership changes. Even the supporters of states' rights on the Court realize increased federal power is a necessary part of the country's evolution. The purpose of the commerce clause is to create a national economic unit with free location principles. The Court supports this purpose today and will in the future. 相似文献
992.
气候变化背景下“龙舟水”特征及其对广东早稻产量的影响 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
利用广东省86个气象站1961—2010年降水资料,借用数理统计方法分析气候变暖背景下广东省"龙舟水"变化特点;再利用广东省1983—2010年早稻产量资料及12个一级农业气象观测站1997—2010年早稻生育期观测资料,采用正交多项式等方法分析广东省"龙舟水"对早稻产量的影响。结果表明:自1997年以来,全省和各区域"龙舟水"过程总雨量、过程天数和严重过程天数都增加;"龙舟水"期间的降水集中期推后;6月中旬雨量与6月上旬雨量相比有增加的趋势。"龙舟水"过程雨量、过程天数和严重过程天数与早稻产量有明显的负相关,其中早稻抽穗普遍期前后5 d雨量对早稻产量影响最大;各区域早稻抽穗普遍期前后5 d处于多雨时段,若抽穗期适当提前就处于少雨时段。在此基础上,建议广东省早稻要通过调整种植期来适应气候变化。 相似文献
993.
Preety M. Bhandari Suruchi Bhadwal Ulka Kelkar 《Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change》2007,12(5):919-933
India occupies 2.4% of the world’s geographical area with a large percentage of its land under agriculture. About 228 Million
hectares (Mha) of its geographical area (nearly 69%) fall within the dryland (arid, semi-arid and dry sub-humid) region. Of
the total cultivated area of 142 Mha, major part of agriculture in the country is rainfed, extending to over 97 Mha and constituting
nearly 68% of the net cultivated area, therefore making the agricultural sector vulnerable and exposed to the vagaries of
weather conditions. Climate change adds to this dimension of stress. A strong need is felt for targeting programmes in these
areas that address issues related to employing suitable soil and water conservation measures. In this context this paper seeks
to examine the case for watershed development as an adaptive strategy. An examination of the possibility of fortifying the
existing programme with a view to adapting to expected changes in climate in future is undertaken. Also, the possibility of
watershed development integrating into a suitable mitigation strategy for the country is assessed.
相似文献
Preety M. BhandariEmail: |
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This paper clarifies household income, living and working conditions of dumpsite waste pickers at Bantar Gebang final disposal site for municipal solid waste generated in Jakarta, and investigates the feasibility of integrating the informal sector into formal waste management in Indonesia. The first author did fieldwork for totally 16 months at the site and quantitative field surveys were conducted twice during the period. All respondents in the first round quantitative survey (n = 1390) were categorized as follows: waste pickers, family workers, wage labors, bosses, family of the bosses, housewives, pupils/students, preschoolers, the unemployed, and others. Based on the results of the second round quantitative survey (n = 69 households), their average household income was estimated to be approximately US 216 dollars per month (n = 59 households), which was virtually equivalent to the minimum wage in Jakarta in 2013. Living conditions of scavengers at the site were horrible, and their working conditions were dangerous due to medical waste and other sharp waste. Polluted groundwater was one of the serious environmental problems at the site. Despite the social, health and environmental problems, they were attracted to the freedom of entering the informal recycling system in Bantar Gebang and withdrawing from the system, in which a lot of opportunities were provided for the people having few marketable skills to obtain cash earnings. The freedom of their choice should be guaranteed as a prerequisite before integrating the informal sector into formal waste management. Furthermore, special attentions are required when incomes of scavengers are the same level as minimum wages and the national economy is rapidly growing, because scavengers cannot easily change their jobs due to few marketable skills. Indonesian national waste laws and regulations should be properly applied to facilitate a socialization process at final disposal sites. Measures need to be taken to prevent children from working as informal recycling actors, especially for waste pickers aged 15 or younger. 相似文献
999.
张玉龙 《中国安全生产科学技术》2010,6(4):145-148
风险管理理论已广泛应用于项目的设计、采购及施工等各个阶段。在建设项目施工阶段的应用,特别是在施工事故的主动预防领域的应用,国外企业已取得不少成效。通常建设项目的施工现场由一系列的土建、安装、试验等施工活动组成,每一项施工活动又分解为不同的施工步骤,各施工步骤之间又存在多种工艺关系或组织关系,结合这些关系的特点,如果能对每一步骤中存在的危害进行识别、评价并根据评价结果采取相应的控制措施,则整项施工活动的风险可以从"源"上消除或降低到可接受程度,从而实现安全。针对施工现场施工活动多样、人员流动性大等特点,通过对施工现场的风险管理的应用研究,以期为各级从事现场的管理技术人员提供一种便于现场进行施工风险控制的实践方法。 相似文献
1000.
工作安全分析(简称JSA)作为有效的危害识别和风险控制工具被广泛使用,但基层班组员工所做JSA的质量一直不高,具体表现为员工虽然清楚JSA的各个环节,却不能高质量的完成.尽管这在一定程度上与基层员工文化素质低,文字表达能力差有关,但也是管理者缺乏具体和优秀的指导所致.针对实施JSA的各个环节,分析制约质量提升的具体原因,以标准规范为基础提出具体可行的改进措施,实施效果良好. 相似文献