Adaptations in a hierarchical food web of southeastern Lake Michigan

Two issues in ecological network theory are: (1) how to construct an ecological network model and (2) how do entire networks (as opposed to individual species) adapt to changing conditions? We present a novel method for constructing an ecological network model for the food web of southeastern Lake Michigan (USA) and we identify changes in key system properties that are large relative to their uncertainty as this ecological network adapts from one time point to a second time point in response to multiple perturbations. To construct our food web for southeastern Lake Michigan, we followed the list of seven recommendations outlined in Cohen et al. [Cohen, J.E., et al., 1993. Improving food webs. Ecology 74, 252–258] for improving food webs. We explored two inter-related extensions of hierarchical system theory with our food web; the first one was that subsystems react to perturbations independently in the short-term and the second one was that a system's properties change at a slower rate than its subsystems’ properties. We used Shannon's equations to provide quantitative versions of the basic food web properties: number of prey, number of predators, number of feeding links, and connectance (or density). We then compared these properties between the two time-periods by developing distributions of each property for each time period that took uncertainty about the property into account. We compared these distributions, and concluded that non-overlapping distributions indicated changes in these properties that were large relative to their uncertainty. Two subsystems were identified within our food web system structure (p < 0.001). One subsystem had more non-overlapping distributions in food web properties between Time 1 and Time 2 than the other subsystem. The overall system had all overlapping distributions in food web properties between Time 1 and Time 2. These results supported both extensions of hierarchical systems theory. Interestingly, the subsystem with more non-overlapping distributions in food web properties was the subsystem that contained primarily benthic taxa, contrary to expectations that the identified major perturbations (lower phosphorous inputs and invasive species) would more greatly affect the subsystem containing primarily pelagic taxa. Future food-web research should employ rigorous statistical analysis and incorporate uncertainty in food web properties for a better understanding of how ecological networks adapt.     

西部开发中的煤矿区生态环境保护与重建问题

分析了西部尤其是西北地区煤矿区生态环境坡坏的现状，确定了矿区重庆重建工程的目标，提出了矿区生态环境保护与重建的具体措施。     

Generalized Nondimensional Depth‐Discharge Rating Curves Tested on Florida Streamflow1

Abstract: A discharge rating is a relationship between stage and discharge at a specific point in a river stream or lake outlet structure. Rating curves are useful for interpolating and perhaps extrapolating flow measurements and for use directly in storage routing models. However, rating data and stations are limited. A generalized nondimensional mathematical expression that describes the rating relation of depth and discharge has been developed and tested against observations from 46 stations in West‐Central Florida. Three approaches were tested in sequence to select the best fit. The proposed model is a log‐linear equation with zero intercept and a slope that fits more than 50% of the stations were analyzed. The model is normalized by the depth and discharge values at 10% exceedance from data published by the U.S. Geological Survey. For ungauged applications, Q₁₀ and d₁₀ were derived from a relationship shown to be reasonably well correlated to the watershed drainage area. The average relative error for this parameter set shows that for the flow range up to the Q₁₀ discharge, better than 30% agreement with the USGS rating data can be expected for about 50% of the stations. Further analysis is required to determine why so many stations exhibit such similar behavior and to identify the criteria or parameters governing the differences.     

Flood information systems: Needs and improvements in Eastern India

Flood warning systems offer a large potential for reducing human losses and property damage in flood-prone regions. This article illustrates why official organized systems should not be relied on completely in either developing or developed societies. It then discusses an indigenous flood warning system in a rural area of Eastern India, its value, and its importance in providing an alternative means of detecting, interpreting, and relaying flood warning information to the ultimate users of this information, i.e., those populations most at risk from floods.The National Center for Atmospheric Research is operated by the University Corporation for Atmospheric Research and is sponsored by the National Science Foundation.     

NITRATES IN RURAL WELLS OF THE SENEGAL RIVER BASIN1

ABSTRACT: A survey of 34 open hand dug wells was performed in the Senegal River basin of West Africa. Nitrate concentrations were determined on the well water samples over a six-month period. With the exception of two wells, the wells indicated varying levels of nitrate contamination. The range of concentrations was 0.10 to 880 mg/I as nitrate. These data when compared to physical characteristics, land use, and age using a chi-square analysis did not suggest any strong association. The fact that these wells are open and in a semiarid climate may be of such importance that the previously considered factors are of minor relative importance. Contamination may be primarily the result of foreign matter entering the well mouth.     

我国城市地上地下土地权利的设立——以中关村西区为例

土地立体利用已经成为城市空间扩展的新模式,文章采用事先调查和理论研究相结合的方法,首先对国内土地立体利用的典型范例——中关村科技园西区地上地下空间的利用情况进行了描述和总结,之后对目前园区内的地上地下土地权利设立"无章可循"的现状进行了深入分析。从问题的表象入手,总结出环环相扣的原因,进一步说明产生问题的实质是我国地上地下权利设立制度中权利体系、权利的取得、地籍管理以及登记制度4个环节所存在的缺陷。最后,针对各环节中的缺陷提出了相应的政策建议,包括:创设区分建设用地使用权,建立城市地上地下土地权利体系;空间利用各环节增加权属分配工作;制定空间范围地籍测量标准;完善已有的登记制度,做好新旧规定的衔接。以上措施有利于促进我国地上地下土地权利制度的完善,加快对土地资源的高效利用。     

西昆仑库科西鲁克地区基性岩脉地球化学及构造意义

新疆库科西鲁克地区广泛发育基性岩脉,多呈岩墙、岩枝和小岩滴。基性岩脉岩石类型为辉长岩和辉绿岩。辉长岩属于碱性玄武岩,而辉绿岩属于过铝质碱性系列碱玄武岩与粗面玄武岩过渡型,其形成深度(浅成相)比辉长岩浅(中深成相)。区内基性岩脉形成于闭合边缘岛弧、活动陆缘造山带环境,是由幔源原生岩浆经过分异并同化混染地壳物质而形成,结晶分异是控制岩浆演化的主要因素。辉长岩中δEu具有弱的亏损。辉绿岩δEu为正异常,而C e均具弱亏损,成岩氧逸度较高,其成因与典型的I型花岗岩类相似,为壳幔混合型。辉长岩偏幔源,而辉绿岩偏壳源,可能为幔源岩浆上侵受围岩混染所致。辉长岩年龄(119 M a)要比辉绿岩年龄(46.1M a)老,辉长岩为冈底斯陆块向欧亚大陆板块碰撞拼贴过程中,逆冲挤压结束的标志,辉绿岩为大规模逆冲挤压剪切结束,青藏高原隆升初期拉张作用的产物。     

渝西经济区土壤地球化学基准值与背景值及元素分布特征

基于渝西经济区多目标区域地球化学调查资料,采用正态和对数正态法,获得了土壤54种元素(指标)的地球化学基准值和背景值,并研究其分布特征;同时分析了岩石风化成土过程元素的富集贫化规律,以及表层土壤元素分布特征。结果表明,与全国土壤相比,该区重金属元素Cd、Cr、Hg、Ni基准值较高,As较低,Pb、Zn、Cu与全国值相当;多数重金属元素和植物营养元素背景值偏高,仅K、Mn、P、Cl元素背景值低于全国水平。对比土壤背景值与基准值,发现多数元素(指标)背景值与基准值相当,说明表生作用和人为活动对表层土壤影响较小;而Se、Hg、S、N等14种元素在表层土壤富集,人为输入作用显著。不同母岩区表层土壤元素(指标)分布表现为,碳酸盐岩区多数元素含量较高;就不同pH值范围而言,CaO、MgO、K2O、P以及除Hg以外的重金属元素均在碱性环境含量较高,SiO2在酸性环境含量高,较多元素(指标)在中性环境中趋于稳定。     

西湖和东苕溪沉积物重金属化学形态分析

不同赋存形态重金属的环境行为和生态效应不同,水体沉积物中重金属的迁移转化及其潜在环境危害更大程度上取决于其赋存形态.本研究在西湖和东苕溪设置12个采样点采集沉积物样品,采用改进BCR分步提取法,提取了重金属污染物的4种化学形态,分别为弱酸提取态、可还原态、可氧化态及残渣态.结果表明:沉积物中Cd以弱酸提取态为主,对外界...     

黄河上游南水北调西线工程可调水量及风险分析

南水北调西线工程调水区水资源丰富,生态环境脆弱,当地社会经济用水量很少,生态环境用水是决定调水区可调水量的关键。论文综合分析了引水坝址下游河道生态环境用水,并将其作为主要约束条件,提出了南水北调西线工程可调水量。风险分析表明,该调水方案风险小,可靠性高,实施多库联合调度后,可进一步减少风险。