美国环保超级基金制度及其实施

对美国环保超级基金制度的概念和内容作了简要的介绍,并指出了其实施过程中的成功与不足,以期为我国环境法制的完善提供有益的借鉴。     

Integrating fisheries into the national development plans of Small Island Developing States (SIDS): Ten years on from Barbados

The development and effective introduction of strategies designed to ensure the ecologically and economically sustainable utilization of coastal and marine resources is perhaps the major challenge for Small Island Developing States (SIDS). In response, the 1994 Barbados Programme of Action (BPoA) called upon the SIDS to implement appropriate coastal and marine strategies and, crucially, ensure that such strategies were integrated into sustainable national development plans (NDPs). This article examines the extent to which contemporary NDPs and donor support programmes have incorporated the fisheries sector — arguably the most important coastal/marine resource for many SIDS — into such documents. Applying an assessment methodology, originally developed to identify levels of environmental mainstreaming within World Bank country assistance strategies to NDPs and donor support programmes, we are able to identify those SIDS who have most effectively integrated the fisheries sector into such documents. Comparison with data indicating the importance of the sector to the national economy (in terms of generating foreign exchange, employment generation and/or supporting domestic protein consumption levels) enables us to pinpoint those countries with substantial fisheries sectors, but a correspondingly lower than expected degree of sectoral mainstreaming. We suggest that the January 2005 review of the BPoA offers an opportune moment for such countries to redress these omissions.     

Impacts on industry of Europe's emerging chemicals policy REACh

For Europe, a new regime in chemicals regulation is about to start. After the proposal of the European Commission concerning the Registration, Evaluation and Authorization of Chemicals (REACh) passed its readings in the European Parliament and some differences with the European Council of Ministers were resolved, the regulation will come into force in June 2007. This paper is focused on the question how serious the cost burdens for industry induced by REACh will be, and whether the New European Member States (NMS) which joined the European Union in May 2004 will be able to cope with the regulation. This evaluation has been done by assessing the legislative, administrative and economic framework in New Member States and by analysing real business cases in companies. The empirical showcase business impact studies are at the same time of interest for companies of EU-15 states, other European countries who may implement the regulation, and even for exporters of raw materials and chemicals outside Europe, who will also have to comply with REACh if they market in the European Community. The results give no indications that REACh adoption will bring significant drawbacks to companies in the NMS. The emerging regulation will bring challenges for individual companies, especially for small and medium-sized ones, but for the European chemical industry as a whole, there is no question that it will be able to cope with REACh burdens without losing its global competitiveness.     

Information technologies and the sharing of disaster knowledge: the critical role of professional culture

A comparative survey of a diverse sample of 96 US and Italian emergency management agencies shows that the diffusion of new information technologies (IT) has transformed disaster communications. Although these technologies permit access to and the dissemination of massive amounts of disaster information with unprecedented speed and efficiency, barriers rooted in the various professional cultures still hinder the sharing of disaster knowledge. To be effective the available IT must be attuned to the unique settings and professional cultures of the local emergency management communities. Findings show that available technology, context, professional culture and interaction are key factors that affect the knowledge transfer process. Cultural filters appear to influence emergency managers' perceptions of their own professional roles, their vision of the applicability of technology to social issues, and their perspective on the transferability of disaster knowledge. Four cultural approaches to the application of IT to disaster communications are defined: technocentric; geographic,; anthropocentric; and ecocentric.     

Still falling short: protection and partnerships in the Lebanon emergency response

The Israeli–Hezbollah conflict in the summer of 2006, although brief, had a lasting impact on the region and prompted an intense humanitarian response. The conflict raised challenging questions for the United Nations (UN) about how to assist a middle‐income yet extremely vulnerable population in a context where global and local relations are highly politicised. This paper focuses on two key questions that emerged from the humanitarian response. First, how can humanitarian agencies, and particularly the UN, improve the protection of civilians, and was what they did in Lebanon enough? Second, how can humanitarian agencies create partnerships with local actors and still remain true to core humanitarian principles when local actors are fiercely divided along confessional lines and influenced by external actors, and when some, such as Hezbollah, are parties to the conflict? This paper argues that despite the importance of protection and partnerships to the humanitarian response, their role in the UN emergency response still falls short.     

水资源约束下西北干旱区城市扩张特征与变动趋势分析——以西陇海兰新经济带城市为例

论文以西北干旱区陇海兰新经济带城市为例,分析了城市水资源利用状况及其短缺程度,认为绝大多数城市“缺水又费水”,城市发展具有明显的“旱生性”。在水资源约束下,西陇海兰新经济带城市的发育程度远远落后于东部地区城市,也落后于全国城市平均水平,略好于西部地区城市,但明显好于西北地区城市,城市扩张的总体特征表现为以总量扩张为主,“农转非”空间和用地拓展空间大,以高耗低效扩张为主,水土资源投入产出效益普遍低下,城市发展处在主要依靠资源开发拉动经济增长的低级阶段,扩张质量有待提高。城市发展具有明显的外部推动性。未来20a,在水资源短缺的继续约束下,经济带城市扩张步伐将比较缓慢,扩张幅度将不会有大的变化。表现为将净增城市非农业人口6.31×106人,城市化水平将提高到35.97%,20a共净增7.21%,特大城市数量将保持西安、兰州和乌鲁木齐3个不变;大城市从无到有,将建成宝鸡、咸阳、铜川、天水、石河子和库尔勒6个;中等城市数量将会显著增加,由2000年的10个增加到2020年的14个,在不考虑“县改市”的前提下,小城市的数量将会进一步减少。为了确保经济带沿线城市的有序扩张,建议在城市建设过程中以人为本,以水为生命线,以经济发展为动力,以城市规划为法定依据。     

厦门西港近岸沉积物中重金属元素背景值的确定

重金属环境背景值是评价环境中重金属污染和制定环境质量标准的前提和基础,为确定厦门西港近岸海域沉积物中重金属元素的背景值水平,以厦门西港近岸海域柱状沉积物样品为研究对象,对不同深度沉积物样品的重金属元素含量进行测定,在分析重金属元素垂直分布特征的基础上,筛选未受人为活动影响的沉积层位,根据数据分布类型计算得到17种重金属元素的背景值(范围):Sc 13. 85(11. 52～16. 69)、V 101. 03(94. 61～107. 45)、Cr 63. 50(55. 00～69. 20)、Co 14. 62(13. 70～15. 54)、Ni 29. 92(27. 23～32. 54)、Cu 21. 48(17. 95～25. 01)、Zn 118. 81(96. 39～141. 23)、Pb 41. 80(38. 41～57. 35)、Sr 97. 78(93. 22～102. 34)、Mo 1. 39(0. 59～2. 19)、Sb 0. 58(0. 53～0. 63)、Ba 407. 00(378. 15～427. 00)、Tl 0. 93(0. 72～1. 05)、Bi 0. 71(0. 51～0. 82)、Fe 32 610. 27(19 903. 73～53 428. 67)、Mn 393. 20(306. 67～793. 63)、Cd 0. 066(0. 056～0. 076) mg/kg。以上背景值与福建省海岸带土壤、厦门A层土壤、中国陆壳、中国浅海沉积物和全国水系沉积物元素背景值相比,总体上比较接近,但Sr含量略低,Pb和Zn含量略高,说明可信度较高且具有地域性。影响厦门西港近岸海域沉积物中重金属元素背景值的主要因素是陆源物质、沉积物粒度和地球化学特征。     

乌海－鄂托克－乌斯太地区环境质量现状评价

本文对乌海－鄂托克－乌斯太地区社会经济、产业结构、污染物排放现状、变化趋势等情况进行了分析,找出了该区域环境污染成因,最终有针对性提出了几点建议。     

吉林西部农田生态系统氮平衡及其水环境影响研究

针对吉林省西部地区农田生态系统特点,以1997—2011年统计数据为基础,建立了基于物质守恒原理的氮平衡模型,估算了该地区农田生态系统的氮收支情况,并分析了其对水环境的影响.结果表明:近15年该区氮输入量平均值为56.98×104t·a-1,其中化肥输入氮占总氮的79.59%;氮输出量平均值为42.60×104t·a-1,以作物收获输出为主;氮平衡量变化范围为10.17×104~21.91×104t·a-1,均值为14.38×104t·a-1;氮平衡模型的各项呈增长趋势,受农业生产情况差异的影响,年际间时序变化较大,县市间空间分布差异明显.吉林西部农田生态系统氮平衡表现为盈余状态,氮素的盈余主要受氮肥施用和作物收获影响,农田生态系统氮素的持续盈余并累积对水环境构成一定程度的威胁,借助该区水环境监测数据进行综合分析,受盈余氮素的影响,该区地表水和地下水水质均体现出不同程度的氮超标.     

豫西地区降水资源对旱地粮食作物产量的影响与对策

本文论述降水资源是旱地粮食作物产量的重要影响因素,揭示了豫西地区主要粮食作物的需水规律和水分盈亏规律,提出运用地理风险决策、实行适水种植的宏观对策。