构建区域补偿机制促进西部生态建设

生态建设是西部大开发的首要任务和成败的关键，然而国家和社会受益者既给西部地区带来了一定的生态损害，也将从西部的生态建设中获取利益。因此，构建国家和社会受益者对西部的生态补偿机制，符合公平性的一般法理，也将会有力地推动西部生态建设的顺利进行。在此基础上，笔者提出了区域生态补偿机制的具体构想。     

Rural well-being: the push and pull and the diversity in-between

This article proposes an analytical framework for developing indicators of agriculture and rural community sustainability, including the symbiotic relationship between sustainable agriculture and rural well-being. Rural well-being offers a sustainable approach to healthy lifestyles that are based on a balance of many complex components including social, economic, and environmental issues. The United States (US) and the United Kingdom (UK) have taken positions on these issues. The United States Department of Agriculture is ‘committed to helping improve the economy and quality of life in rural America’ through loans and subsidies (USDA 2015). The USDA Sustainable Agriculture Research and Education (SARE) program vision is to sustain ‘an enduring American agriculture of the highest quality that is profitable, protects the nation’s land and water and is a force, providing a healthy and rewarding way of life for farmers and ranchers whose quality products and operations sustain their communities and society’ (SARE 2016; Smart, Sandt and Chris Zdorovtsov 2016). UK government and non-government agencies have taken a more holistic approach to rural well-being in their efforts to achieve a more balanced social–economic–environmental state of rural well-being. The UK interpretation of Community Supported Agriculture is a tested example of this sustainable approach to fostering rural well-being (Saltmarsh et al. 2011).     

Meteorological mechanism for a large-scale persistent severe ozone pollution event over eastern China in 2017

An intensive and persistent regional ozone pollution event occurred over eastern China from 25 June to 5 July 2017.73 out of 96 selected cities,most located in the Beijing-TianjinHebei and the surrounding area(BTHS),suffered severe ozone pollution.A north-south contrast ozone distribution,with higher ozone(199±33 μg/m~3) in the BTHS and lower ozone(118±25 μg/m~3) in the Yangtze River Delta(YRD),was found to be dominated by the position of the West Pacific Subtropical High(WPSH) and mid-high latitude wave activities.In the BTHS,the positive anomalies of geopotential height at 500 hPa and temperature at the surface indicated favorable meteorological conditions for local ozone formation.Prevailing northwesterly winds in the mid-high troposphere and warm advection induced by weak southerly winds in the low troposphere resulted in low-moderate relative humidity(RH),less total cloud cover(TGC),strong solar radiation and high temperatures.Moreover,southerly winds prevailing over the BTHS aggravated the pollution due to regional transportation of O_3 and its precursors.On one hand,the deep sinking motion and inversion layer suppressed the dispersion of pollutants.On the other hand,O_3-rich air in the upper layer was maintained at night due to temperature inversion,which facilitated O_3 vertical transport to the surface in the next-day morning due to elevated convection.Generally,temperature,UV radiation,and RH showed good correlations with O_3 in the BTHS,with rates of 8.51(μg/m~3)/℃(within the temperature range of 20-38℃),59.54(μg/m~3)/(MJ/m~2)and-1.93 μg/m~3)/%,respectively.     

Cu2+和Cu-EDTA对鲫鱼脑组织应激蛋白HSP70诱导的影响

以鲫鱼(Carassius auratus)作为实验对象,经过40d不同浓度铜(Cu²⁺)及其配合物(Cu-EDTA)的暴露后,运用SDS-PAGE和Western Blotting方法检测鱼脑组织内应激蛋白HSP70的诱导表达情况.结果表明:在实验浓度下,与对照组相比,Cu²⁺和Cu-EDTA对鱼脑内HSP70有显著的诱导(p<0.05),而将Cu²⁺和Cu-EDTA实验组相对比,络合剂EDTA一定程度上改变了Cu的生物可利用性,从而降低了其毒性.实验还发现,Cu²⁺浓度在国家渔业水质标准0.01mg/L下时,鱼脑组织内HSP70已经有明显的表达,说明运用分子生物学指标要比传统的环境监测指标更敏感,具有对污染物早期预警的作用.     

论我国西部大开发战略中的旅游开发与贫困消除

大量调查研究表明,许多地区旅游资源的分布与贫困人口的分布是高度重叠的,尤其是那些区位偏远以及交通不便的地区,自然景观受人类活动干扰较小,自然生态系统保存较为完整,适合开发、发展生态旅游产业。因此,将旅游开发与扶贫有机结合应是消除贫困的最有效途径。论文针对这一问题论述了如下若干问题:其一,我国贫困县的分布与高品位生态旅游资源的分布高度重叠;其二,我国贫困县的分布与这些生态旅游资源的分布均在中西部地区,消除贫困与发展中西部旅游应是西部大开发战略的重要组成部分;其三,旅游在扶贫方面的优势是其他任何产业所无可比拟的;其四,应着手构建中国PPT旅游(ProPoorTourism,即有利于贫困人口发展的旅游)战略以及发展PPT旅游的战略措施,以期尽快消除我国的贫困问题。     

中国、美国、摩洛哥磷矿资源优势及开发战略比较分析

从资源保护和优化利用的角度出发,比较了中国、美国、摩洛哥三国磷矿石的储量、品位、重金属含量、矿产集中度、运输距离等,发现摩洛哥磷矿资源具有极强的优势,而美国资源也要优于中国。在比较了矿产开发规模、回采率、产量、成本、可利用年度等指标后,发现美国与摩洛哥各有优劣,而中国明显落后。根据磷肥生产量估算,2003年中国磷矿实际消耗量达到10558×10⁴t标矿。根据现有开采水平和消费量估算,世界磷矿可以满足100年内的需求,但是中国P2O5≥30%的富矿资源仅能利用到2014年,提高回采率可能会达到2022年。中国磷矿资源开发策略欠佳,浪费严重、经济效益低下,导致远景供应堪忧。针对以上问题,提出了我国磷矿资源合理利用的若干建议。     

中国西部人为源NO2污染的时空分布及影响因素研究

利用臭氧监测仪卫星遥感反演获得对流层NO_2柱浓度数据,分析了2005—2016年中国西部地区NO_2污染的时空演变特征及影响因素.首先,根据NO_2污染的季节特性,剔除了自然源NO_2后得到人为源NO_2柱浓度信息;然后,利用小波变换分解方法对西部地区NO_2柱浓度的长期趋势和季节特性进行提取,并对比了东西部的NO_2增长情况;最后,结合经济社会数据分析了西部各省NO_2污染的主要驱动因素.结果发现,西部地区的NO_2浓度在2005—2012年期间呈快速增长趋势,西北各省份的增速均超过了10%a~(-1).然而,2012年之后,西部各省的NO_2浓度开始下降.结合"十二五"计划中的各省氮氧化物减排目标,发现大多数西部省份都较好地完成了减排任务.此外,煤炭消费是西部各省NO_2污染的最主要因素.然而,对于云南和四川而言,虽然水电发展替代了部分火电,使得煤炭消费增速减缓,但交通排放成为这两个省份NO_2污染的最主要驱动因素.西部地区是国家"一带一路"新战略的重要区域,本研究结果将为政府制定有效的控制排放政策,以及促进西部区域可持续发展提供重要的科学参考.     

Subterranean freshwater gastropod biodiversity and conservation in the United States and Mexico

Many taxonomic groups successfully exploit groundwater environments and have adapted to a subterranean (stygobiotic) existence. Among these groups are freshwater gastropods (stygosnails), which represent a widespread and taxonomically diverse component of groundwater ecosystems in North America. However, owing to sampling difficulty and lack of targeted study, stygosnails remain among the most understudied of all subterranean groups. We conducted a literature review to assess the biodiversity and geographic associations of stygosnails, along with the threats, management activities, and policy considerations related to the groundwater systems they inhabit. We identified 39 stygosnail species known to occur in a range of groundwater habitats from karst regions in the United States and Mexico. Most stygosnails exhibit extreme narrow-range endemism, resulting in a high risk of extinction from a single catastrophic event. We found that anthropogenically driven changes to surface environments have led to changes in local hydrology and degradation of groundwater systems inhabited by stygosnails such as increased sedimentation, introduction of invasive species, groundwater extraction, or physical collapse of water-bearing passages. Consequently, 32 of the 39 described stygosnail species in the United States and Mexico have been assessed as imperiled under NatureServe criteria, and 10 species have been assessed as threatened under International Union for Conservation of Nature criteria. Compared with surface species of freshwater snails, stygosnail conservation is uniquely hindered by difficulties associated with accessing subterranean habitats for monitoring and management. Furthermore, only three species were found to have federal protection in either the United States or Mexico, and current laws regulating wildlife and water pollution at the state and federal level may be inadequate for protecting stygosnail habitats. As groundwater systems continue to be manipulated and relied on by humans, groundwater-restricted fauna such as stygosnails should be studied so unique biodiversity can be protected.     

中国西部地区水-能源-粮食系统耦合协调度的时空特征

在2005~2018年中国西部地区水-能源-粮食系统综合发展评价的基础上,运用耦合协调度模型和地理加权回归模型对水-能源-粮食系统耦合协调度的时空特征及其影响因素进行实证研究.结果表明:(1)中国西部水-能源-粮食系统及其各子系统的综合发展指数总体呈波动上升趋势,其中,水资源和能源子系统在2011年后长期滞后于粮食子系统,成为西部地区水-能源-粮食系统耦合协调发展的短板.(2)2005~2018年,中国西部水-能源-粮食系统耦合协调度从勉强耦合协调进入初级耦合协调阶段,且耦合协调度呈现“南高北低”的时空特征.(3)居民消费水平和人口规模对甘肃、内蒙古等西北地区的系统耦合协调度具有正向影响,对重庆、云南等西南地区具有负向影响,影响程度在地理空间上均呈现出“北正南负”的空间特征;地方财政环保投入的影响程度从北到南逐渐增大,广西、贵州、四川、陕西的系统耦合协调度受该因素的影响最大;R&D投入强度对系统耦合协调的推动作用相对较小,影响程度呈现“北高南低”的空间特征.基于上述分析结果,提出了多资源系统联合发展视角下的区域资源管理方式,减少对有限资源间的依赖性,改善人口规模及环保科技投入等因素,构建具有西部区域特色、体现资源优势、富有竞争力的水-能源-粮食系统耦合协调发展策略.