气瓶充装场所防爆墙安全评价

通过事故案例和对现行国家标准的分析,提出了气瓶充装场所防爆墙安全评价要点,从实践角度为防爆墙设计提出了要求。     

煤层瓦斯流动数值解算时空步长的选取

对应用有限差分法解算煤层瓦斯流动时,如何选取合适的时间步长和空间步长、如何根据煤层瓦斯压力分布计算煤壁瓦斯涌出量等问题进行了分析和探讨。用煤壁处节点与煤层内相邻节点间的瓦斯压力梯度来求煤壁瓦斯涌出量的方法误差较大。根据煤层内各节点的瓦斯压力值对瓦斯压力进行拟合,用拟合曲线在煤壁处的斜率作为煤壁瓦斯压力梯度计算瓦斯涌出量,能得到可靠精确的结果。通过考察选取不同时间步长和空间步长时煤壁瓦斯压力梯度的变化,提出了选取合适的时间步长和空间步长的方法。     

Thermal Effects on the Airflow in a Street Canyon – Nantes'99 Experimental Results and Model Simulations

The thermal effects on the airflow within a street canyon, which are produced by the variation of direct solar heating of the street sides and ground, are examined in this article. The investigation is based on the experimental results of the Nantes'99 campaign and numerical simulations performed with the Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) code CHENSI using the standard k- model. The Nantes'99 experimental campaign was performed in a North-to-South oriented central street canyon of Nantes, France. It was observed that a thin thermal layer develops locally within a few centimetres from the heated wall. It is anticipated that, the convective flow close to the windward wall, which was visualised during the experiment, carries air masses from the street level upwards, where normally cleaner air is transported. Consequently, thermal effects may be important for the air quality in the street.Based on the temperature and wind flow measurements, the flow and temperature fields were simulated first in two dimensions with the CFD code CHENSI. It was found that CHENSI overestimates the thermal effects on the canyon airflow showing the main re-circulation simulated in the isothermal case to change into two counter-rotating vortices after the inclusion of the heating of the windward wall. A reason for this overestimation is possibly the temperature wall function implemented for such thin thermal boundary layers in conjunction with the limitations in grid resolution.     

半干半湿烟气脱硫反应塔湿壁现象的分析

半干半湿烟气脱硫工艺特别适合我国中小型工业锅炉烟气脱硫的需要。提高脱硫效率、降低脱硫剂消耗主要依赖增湿程度的提高。然而,加湿会带来湿壁从而改变工艺干法特征,加速腐蚀,影响系统稳定性等问题。通过对一套工业试验性半干半湿FGD系统反应塔湿壁现象的测试分析发现:塔内涡流滞流区的存在,是湿壁的主要原因;塔壁与主流间过大的温差也经常导致结露湿壁。      

Urban reconciliation ecology: the potential of living roofs and walls

Reconciling human and non-human use of urban regions to support biological conservation represents a major challenge for the 21st century. The concept of reconciliation ecology, by which the anthropogenic environment may be modified to encourage non-human use and biodiversity preservation without compromising societal utilization, potentially represents an appropriate paradigm for urban conservation given the generally poor opportunities that exist for reserve establishment and ecological restoration in urban areas. Two habitat improvement techniques with great potential for reconciliation ecology in urban areas are the installation of living roofs and walls, which have been shown to support a range of taxa at local scales. This paper evaluates the reconciliation potential of living roofs and walls, in particular highlighting both ecological and societal limitations that need to be overcome for application at the landscape scale. We further consider that successful utilization of living roofs and walls for urban reconciliation ecology will rely heavily on the participation of urban citizens, and that a 'citizen science' model is needed to facilitate public participation and support and to create an evidence base to determine their effectiveness. Living roofs and walls are just one aspect of urban reconciliation ecology, but are particularly important 'bottom-up' techniques for improving urban biodiversity that can be performed directly by the citizenry.     

洞庭湖区空斗墙建筑抗震性能实测及数值模拟

通过现场实测及数值模拟对洞庭湖区典型空斗墙建筑的抗震性能进行了研究。研究结果表明:数值模型能很好地反映实际结构的动力特性。时程分析结果表明,在保证材料强度的情况下,洞庭湖区典型空斗墙建筑可满足我国抗震规范7度(0.10g)多遇地震的设防要求,其中柔性楼屋盖空斗墙建筑更是可基本达到7度(0.15g)多遇地震设防要求;柔性楼屋盖空斗墙建筑的抗震抗剪承载力比半刚性楼屋盖空斗墙建筑的要高23.1%;眠砌构造柱可提高半刚性楼屋盖空斗墙建筑抗震抗剪承载力5%。     

导流墙偏置位置对氧化沟性能影响的分析

针对偏置导流墙氧化沟复杂结构的特点,采用计算流体力学数值模型和Fluent计算方法,将导流墙偏置距沿径向从0至1m,间隔0.25m进行偏置距位置变化,对氧化沟流场进行了数值计算模拟。研究结果表明:导流墙的偏置距设置对改善隔墙背后的水流低速区和消除污泥沉积有促进作用,但当导流墙的偏置距增加到一定值时,在隔墙背后径向半宽处会形成第二个水流低速区。在比较不同导流墙偏置距的速度曲线基础上,认为导流墙的偏置距应设置在0.3m～0.4m之间较合适,从而为偏置导流墙的合理设计提供理论依据。     

地铁站细水雾幕挡烟效果的数值模拟研究

地铁站台层发生火灾时,烟气会从站台层经过楼扶梯开口蔓延至站厅层,因此, 楼扶梯开口处的挡烟效果对人员安全疏散影响重大。通过搭建全尺寸地铁站数值模拟模 型,对细水雾幕和排烟系统作用下楼扶梯开口处的挡烟效果进行了模拟研究,结果表明 :当仅设置挡烟垂壁时,挡烟垂壁有一定的蓄烟作用,但仍有大量烟气通过楼扶梯开口 从站台层蔓延至站厅层;设置细水雾幕可在一定程度上阻止烟气通过楼扶梯开口从站台 层蔓延至站厅层,有效降低烟气温度,但由于细水雾向下的冲量破坏烟气层的稳定性, 使得细水雾幕附近的烟气层高度降低;同时设置细水雾幕和排烟系统可实现良好的挡烟 效果,在楼扶梯的中段附近已基本不受火灾烟气的影响。     

压裂钻孔孔壁破坏行为与注水流量相关性试验研究

为分析流量对水力压裂钻孔起裂特征的影响,开展了不同注水流量水力压裂实验,得到了煤体起裂过程的孔壁压缩应变-水压曲线。结果表明,流量的增大使破裂形态趋于复杂,表现在裂缝的数目及宽度会变多增大,而原煤则更易于沟通原生裂隙;对于无明显节理的配比型煤,随着注水流量增大,孔壁应变速率和起裂压力均增高;对于含明显节理的原煤,孔壁应变速率及起裂压力变化具有一致性,但与流量变化不一致,原煤内部的节理会影响试块起裂行为,降低钻孔内能量积聚速率和煤体破裂强度。研究成果对于揭示钻孔起裂行为具有重要理论意义,为水力压裂实验研究提供了一种新思路。