干旱胁迫下5种三叶草的生理反应(英文)

为了解三叶草属抗旱的生理机理,寻找适宜干旱地区种植的三叶草品种,比较了地三叶草(Trifoliumsubterraneum L.)、大花三叶草(T.michelianum Savi)、白三叶草(T.repens L.)、高加索三叶草(T.ambiguum M.Bieb.)和草莓三叶草(T.fragiferum L.)在人工干旱条件下4 wk的生长和生理反应.结果表明,干旱处理下大花三叶草、草莓三叶草和白三叶草地上部分干重严重减少,分别降低了70%、66%和64%,而高加索三叶草和地三叶草减少不到50%;高加索三叶草叶片水势降低到-2.0 MPa以下,而其他4种三叶草只降低到-1.5MPa左右;高加索三叶草和草莓三叶草叶片光合速率降低25%,而地三叶草、白三叶草和大花三叶草下降35%~63%.此外,干旱条件下,5种供试三叶草叶片中游离脯氨酸含量普遍增加,其中高加索三叶草和白三叶草分别增加到2.5倍和3.1倍.研究显示高加索三叶草在多项重要生长和生理指标中表现出很强的抗旱性,因此认为其可作为干旱地区栽培白叶草的补充或替代种.图1表3参22     

“白色污染”综合防治对策研究

针对目前我国废塑料造成的“白色污染”,总结了其治理途径及不足 ,并对其综合防治提出了建设性的对策。     

House sparrows benefit from the conservation of white storks

As with many farmland bird species, the house sparrow Passer domesticus is declining in Europe, mainly due to intensification of agriculture reducing nest sites and food supplies. During 2002–2005, we studied the population size and nest site characteristics of house sparrows breeding within white stork Ciconia ciconia nests in a large area of agricultural landscape within western Poland. To explain sparrow density within stork nests, we examined characteristics of white stork nests (position, age, productivity) and the farm type around the nest. House sparrow density was greatest in the longest established (and hence larger) white stork nests located on traditionally managed farms. Two recent changes appear to have adverse effects on house sparrows. The first is the intensification of farming and the second is active management of white stork nests on electric poles to reduce nest size and thus avoid both disruption to the electrical supply and electrocution of white storks. Because the white stork has such a high profile in Poland, there are numerous schemes to conserve and enhance this species. In conclusion, we clearly show that protecting one species can have valuable, although unplanned, benefits to another species of conservation interest, the house sparrow.     

切尔诺贝利核事故对白俄罗斯生态环境的影响

2011年3月日本地震导致福岛核电站核泄漏事件引起国际社会的高度关注。本文回溯切尔诺贝利核事故给白俄罗斯带来的生态灾难,并详细介绍和分析白俄罗斯境内放射性元素污染情况及修复措施,期待为人们应对当前日本核事故对人体健康和自然界的影响和危害提供有价值的参考。     

白腐真菌生化降解TNT的研究

本文在建立微生物降解废水中有机污染物的中间反应模型的基础上,推导出ＴＮＴ废水的ＣＯＤ降解参数方程,并与实测值比较,基本吻合,为以后深入研究提供理论指导。     

谈“白色污染”防治

概述了我国“白色污染”的现状及其危害。针对目前“白色污染”的严峻态势，作者提出了对其根治应采取的具体措施。     

川东高海拔山区红三叶、红三叶─鸭茅和红三叶─黑麦草人工群落生物量的比较研究

红三叶牧草作为一个优良牧草品种，在川东高海拔山区表现尤为突出。本文就红三叶、红三叶─鸭茅和红三叶─黑麦草三个人工群落进行了比较系统的生物量观测，比较了三个群落的总生物量、地上生物量、地下生物量特点，分析了各群落生物量在不同部位的分配情况，垂直空间上的配置，以及各器官在垂直空间上的配置和各个群落的茎、叶、花、立枯在垂直空间上所构成的分布带谱，通过以上分析发现，红三叶─黑麦草群落的总生物量最高，为４６．４７ｋｇ／ｈａ，其中地上部分为２４．５７ｋｇ／ｈａ，而红三叶─鸭茅群落的地下部分最为发达，地下生物量达２４．７４ｋｇ／ｈａ。根据群落生产结构，发现以红三叶为主的人工群落，其生产结构为不规则塔型分布，在离地面２０─４０ｃｍ处，生物量有一个高峰，并且红三叶─黑麦草群落的地上、地下生物量在垂直空间上分布较为均匀，其生产结构较为合理。通过各器官垂直空间分布分析，发现茎主要分布在４０ｃｍ以下，叶量最大是在４０ｃｍ左右，生殖器官最大量在５０ｃｍ附近，并且根据群落的茎：叶：花（穗）：立枯垂直分布带谱可以发现，各个器官在不同层次中所处的地位，而且根据此带谱可以掌握草地的刈割时间和刈割高度。     

白腐真菌对活性艳红染料X-3B的脱色实验研究

探讨了白腐真菌对活性艳红染料X-3B废水的脱色效果。实验结果表明白腐真菌可以有效地对染料废水进行脱色。白腐真菌在空气曝气培养条件下,比在空气静置培养状态下具有更强的脱色降解能力;而且当在染料废水中加入一定量的碳源物质(葡萄糖)能提高白腐真菌脱色能力。最后,通过考察细胞外液对染料废水的脱色效果,表明白腐真菌对染料进行脱色的核心体系位于细胞体外。实验结果对白腐真菌在环境工程中的直接应用具有一定的价值。     

Winter losses of nitrogen and phosphorus from Italian ryegrass, meadow fescue and white clover in a northern temperate climate

We have studied to what degree Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.), white clover (Trifolium repens L.) and meadow fescue (Festuca pratensis L.) are able to preserve nitrogen (N) and phosphorous (P) in shoots and roots from one growing season to the next in a northern temperate climate. Field experiments were performed during four consecutive winters in central southeast Norway (60°42′N, 10°51′E), and N and P in plant biomass were measured in the autumn and in the spring. We also measured the contents of total N, total P and organic carbon (C) in seepage water that percolated through the aboveground plant material. Uptake of N and P in Italian ryegrass and white clover was substantially larger than in meadow fescue. The winter losses varied greatly from year to year, depending on the winter climate. On the average for all three of the plant species, the winter losses of N from aboveground biomass were 6, 35, 68 and 10% in the four experimental years, respectively. The corresponding P losses were 11, 36, 60 and 22%. On the average for all plant species and experimental years, 43 (±12)% (S.E., n = 12) of the N, 34 (±9)% of the P and 4 (±1)% of the C that was lost from the aboveground plant biomass during the winter, was recovered in seepage water, basically as a nutrient pulse in melt water in early spring. The very low C recovery rate in seepage water suggested a considerable microbial growth on lost plant C. Assuming that all un-recovered plant C was consumed by microorganisms not included in measurements of the seepage water, modelling showed that microbial immobilisation theoretically might explain the unexpectedly low recovery rates of N and P. The study was not designed to investigate the possible effects of psychrophilic microbes on N and P cycling. Therefore, it is inconclusive and underlines the need for more knowledge on this matter.