泥石流防撞墩冲击力理论计算方法

在西部泥石流多发区,交通线路经常需要穿越泥石流沟,设置在泥石流沟床中的桥墩容易遭受泥石流大块石的冲击,为此,常常在其前端设置泥石流防撞墩,以达到保护桥墩的目的。防撞墩设计的关键参数是泥石流大块石的冲击力。目前,有关泥石流冲击力的计算方法都比较粗糙,计算结果与实际情况不符。本文以Thornton理想弹塑性接触模型为基础,并考虑防撞墩的弯矩变形特性,根据能量守恒定律,推导了泥石流大块石冲击力的计算公式。结果表明,考虑结构弹塑性特性后,泥石流大块石冲击力大大降低,远小于按弹性冲击理论所确定的冲击力,计算结果更符合实际情况。     

潜在泥石流的界定与判识——以金沙江流域溪洛渡库区为例

选择在建的溪洛渡库区作为研究区域,通过详细的野外考察,确定金沙江流域溪洛渡库区干流共有现代活动泥石流沟57条。利用Matlab构建SOM神经网络模型,依据这57条泥石流样本,选择流域面积、主沟长度、相对高差、沟床比降、平均坡度、相对切割程度、圆状率和侵蚀程度等8个指标,对干流46条沟谷进行预测。预测结果分为：①非泥石流沟有19条,分布在雷波-永善三角台地上;②低危险潜在泥石流沟有14条,分布在库区尾端;③高危险潜在泥石流沟有13条,分布于库区中间位置。预测结果可以为库区生态修复和工程治理提供依据。     

泥石流大块石冲击力的简化计算

泥石流对构筑物的冲击破坏,常常是由泥石流中的大块石冲击所致,因此大块石冲击力的计算在泥石流防治工程设计中就显得非常重要.但目前有关泥石流冲击力的计算方法都比较粗糙,计算结果偏大,计算过程繁琐,不便快速用于工程实践.为此,以弹塑性理论为基础,结合试验引入合理假设,提出了常见几类泥石流防治结构的冲击力计算方法,并给出了相应的计算公式.结果表明,泥石流防护结构的刚度对大块石的冲击力有重要影响,简支结构的吸能效果高于防撞墩.     

POST‐HARVEST RIPARIAN BUFFER RESPONSE: IMPLICATIONS FOR WOOD RECRUITMENT MODELING AND BUFFER DESIGN1

Despite the importance of riparian buffers in providing aquatic functions to forested streams, few studies have sought to capture key differences in ecological and geomorphic processes between buffered sites and forested conditions. This study examines post‐harvest buffer conditions from 20 randomly selected harvest sites within a managed tree farm in the Cascade Mountains of western Washington. Post‐harvest wind derived treefall rates in buffers up to three years post‐harvest averaged 268 trees/km/year, 26 times greater than competition‐induced mortality rate estimates. Treefall rates and stem breakage were strongly tied to tree species and relatively unaffected by stream direction. Observed treefall direction is strongly biased toward the channel, irrespective of channel or buffer orientation. Fall direction bias can deliver significantly more wood recruitment relative to randomly directed treefall, suggesting that models that utilize the random fall assumption will significantly underpredict recruitment. A simple estimate of post‐harvest wood recruitment from buffers can be obtained from species specific treefall and breakage rates, combined with bias corrected recruitment probability as a function of source distance from the channel. Post‐harvest wind effects may reduce the standing density of trees enough to significantly reduce or eliminate competition mortality and thus indirectly alter bank erosion rates, resulting in substantially different wood recruitment dynamics from buffers as compared to unmanaged forests.     

金沙江下游地区输沙与泥石流的相关性分析

在分析了金沙江下游地区泥沙资料的基础上,指出金沙江下游泥沙的地区分布、沿程分 布、年内变化和年际变化均受泥石流活动的时空控制,并提出了输沙模数的计算公式和不同地 区的计算参数．     

Role of refugia in recovery from disturbances: Modern fragmented and disconnected river systems

Habitats or environmental factors that convey spatial and temporal resistance and/or resilience to biotic communities that have been impacted by biophysical disturbances may be called refugia. Most refugia in rivers are characterized by extensive coupling of the main channel with adjacent streamside forests, floodplain features, and groundwater. These habitats operate at different spatial scales, from localized particles, to channel units such as pools and riffles, to reaches and longer sections, and at the basin level. A spatial hierarchy of different physical components of a drainage network is proposed to provide a context for different refugia. Examples of refugia operating at different spatial scales, such as pools, large woody debris, floodplains, below dams, and catchment basins are discussed. We hope that the geomorphic context proposed for examining refugia habitats will assist in the conservation of pristine areas and attributes of river systems and also allow a better understanding of rehabilitation needs in rivers that have been extensively altered.     

三峡漂浮物处理方案探讨

2003年三峡水电站蓄水发电后，漂浮物将严重地影响机组的正常发电、危及机组的安全运行，并且对下游的葛洲坝水电站造成威胁，本文根据三峡水电站漂浮物的组成特点，从我国城市垃圾处理的现状和再生资源利用的现状及环境保护的角度出发，讨论了漂浮物的三种处理方案－卫生填埋，焚烧回收热能，再生利用。根据三峡水电站周边地区垃圾处理现状，漂浮物治理现状以及经济的角度等，对三种方案进行了综合评价，认为再生利用漂浮物更加可行。     

Geomorphological consequences of fraquent and infrequent rainfall and hydrological events in Pyrennez Mountains of Spain

Various aspects of pluviometric andhydrological events have been studiedworldwide, one of which is the geomorphichazards as the intensity of the eventsexceeds various geomorphic thresholds.During the last few years, rainstorms ofdifferent intensities have occurred in theCentral Spanish Pyrenees, including one ofexceptional character. Large, historicaldebris flows have been studied, as well asthe actual sediment transport in smallexperimental catchments. This study showsthat during the most frequent eventssuspended sediment transport is the commongeomorphic process. Bedload is mobilizedseveral times per year while small rockavalanches and channelized debris flowshave a return period of at least 5 years.Hillslope debris flows are triggered byrainfall events with a 25–30 year returnperiod. Reactivation of large, deep massmovements is linked to rainfalls of around100 year return period (between 130 and160 mm in 24 hours). Catastrophicgeomorphic processes occur whenprecipitation exceeds a 100 year returnperiod, as was the case of the Biescascampsite disaster. Geomorphic processestriggered by intense rainfall events havecaused major damage and human disastersbut the hazards have been reduced by theintroduction of several control measures,including reforestation, the constructionof check-dams, canalization of riversegments and improved flood forecasting.     

基于数值模拟的震区溃决型泥石流入流点选取探讨

FLO-2D模型假定下伏沟床固定,未考虑泥石流沿程侵蚀,但侵蚀作用带来的泥石流沿程补给是强震区泥石流的主要活动特性,在溃决型泥石流中侵蚀作用尤为强烈,忽略该侵蚀过程,将会造成流体规模的严重低估。本文选取汶川震区典型溃决型泥石流沟为研究对象,利用泥石流过程机制的分析,将沟床侵蚀结束的位置设置为入流点,即侵蚀/堆积的分界点。为确定溃决型泥石流入流点流量过程线,将沟道最后一级已溃决的堰塞体参数输入到BREACH模型中,获得与实际相吻合的溃口流量过程线,依据体积浓度划分清水流量过程线在入流点处输入进行模拟研究。引入同时考虑淤积范围与堆积方量的精度评估模型,结合实际暴发情况对模拟结果进行评估,结果表明基于FLO-2D的震区溃决型泥石流数值模拟可将入流点设置在侵蚀与堆积分界点处,为该模型在强震区溃决型泥石流冲出规模预测的应用上提供一定的科学依据。     

基于蒙特卡洛法的储罐爆炸碎片冲击失效模型研究

为定量研究相邻储罐间爆炸碎片冲击的多米诺效应,基于蒙特卡洛方法建立爆炸碎片冲击失效模型。该模型共包括爆炸能量与碎片初始速度、考虑风速及碎片初始位置的碎片三维抛射轨迹、空气阻力、碎片冲击穿透等4个分步模型。基于上述模型,研究储罐爆炸后碎片的初始状态、抛射轨迹以及对相邻储罐的冲击效应。在数值模拟结果的基础上,用储罐最高允许工作压力代替泄放装置的泄压压力来计算爆炸压力,绘制碎片质量及初始速度的直方图,定量分析储罐间距对击中概率的影响。结果表明,热辐射、超压和碎片冲击3种能量作用方式均可能导致储罐间火灾爆炸事故多米诺现象发生,但爆炸碎片冲击导致相邻罐失效的概率较低。