坡面泥石流流域地貌要素的概率分布

以重庆地区坡面泥石流为例,分析了正态分布、对数正态分布和伽玛分布等6种分布模式对坡面泥石流流域地貌要素概率分布拟合的适用性,选定了各地貌要素的理论分布模式.研究表明,不同的地貌要素具有不同的概率分布模式;同一地貌要素也可能有多种选择的理论概率分布,可以从中选择出最佳的分布模式.     

泥石流入汇主河的格子Boltzmann模拟

研究泥石流入汇主河的运动机理,对于预测和防治泥石流入汇主河所造成的灾害非常重要。格子Boltzmann方法是一种将Euler法和Lagrange法结合在一起的新方法。利用格子Boltzmann方法,将支沟中泥石流视为一种宾汉体,主河中清水视为一种外力,建立格子Boltzmann模型,对入汇角为90°的情况进行了模拟。通过与相应的室内实验进行了对比,可以看出,格子Boltzmann方法成功地模拟了泥石流入汇主河,说明格子Boltzmann方法在泥石流预测和防治上有相当大的应用前景,为研究泥石流入汇主河的运动机理提供了一种新手段。     

泥石流防治工程信息系统初探

结合泥石流防治工程的特点与地理信息系统的特征,探讨构建了泥石流防治工程信息系统的框架,定义了信息系统基本数据库的属性及其特征,实现了部分模块.构建泥石流防治工程信息系统主要是要使泥石流防治设计做到科学、高效、可行、可靠,且经济节约.同时西部大开发过程中面临大量的泥石流防治设计任务,目前专业设计人员缺乏,工作量大,该系统可为设计人员提供参考评价的工作平台,促进泥石流防治工作的高效运行.     

泥石流预报中的多层降水预报/监测系统

利用数值天气预报、静止气象卫星云图、天气雷达回波和遥测雨量等4种方法,进行了大气降水的预报与监测,构建了不同时间尺度满足不同精度的降水预报和监测体系,通过与下垫面中地形和地质等条件的耦合,为不同时间尺度的泥石流预报系统提供了相应的降水预报支持,以满足不同层次的泥石流减灾要求.     

Large Woody Debris and Land Management in California’s Hardwood-Dominated Watersheds

Although large woody debris (LWD) has been studied extensively in conifer-dominated watersheds, relatively little is known about LWD in hardwood-dominated watersheds. Field surveys of 32 hardwood-dominated stream reaches in northern coastal California revealed that levels of LWD varied with land ownership and that living trees strongly influenced debris jam formation. Almost half of the channel-spanning debris jams, which stored the most wood and were most likely to form a pool, were formed behind a key piece that was still living. These living key pieces might provide greater longevity and stability than would otherwise be expected from hardwood LWD. Compared to streams on private land, streams on public land had significantly greater LWD loading and debris-jam frequency. Land management practices that remove wood from streams might be contributing to the degradation of salmonid habitat in Californias hardwood-dominated watersheds.     

Marine Debris &; Plastics: Environmental Concerns,Sources, Impacts and Solutions

Marine debris (marine litter) is one of the most pervasive and solvable pollution problems plaguing the world’s oceans and waterways. Nets, food wrappers, cigarette filters, bottles, resin pellets, and other debris items can have serious impacts on wildlife, habitat, and human safety. Successful management of the problem requires a comprehensive understanding of both marine debris and human behavior. Knowledge is key for consumers to make appropriate choices when it comes to using and disposing of waste items. Education and outreach programs, strong laws and policies, and governmental and private enforcement are the building blocks for a successful marine pollution prevention initiative. The plastic industry also has a role to play in educating its employees and customers, and searching for technological mitigation strategies.     

REACH SCALE HYDRAULIC ASSESSMENT OF INSTREAM SALMONID HABITAT RESTORATION1

ABSTRACT: This study investigates the use of a two‐dimensional hydrodynamic model (River2D) for an assessment of the effects of instream large woody debris and rock groyne habitat structures. The bathymetry of a study reach (a side channel of the Chilliwack River located in southwestern British Columbia) was surveyed after the installation of 11 instream restoration structures. A digital elevation model was developed and used with a hydrodynamic model to predict local velocity, depth, scour, and habitat characteristics. The channel was resurveyed after the fall high‐flow season during which a bankfull event occurred. Pre‐flood and post‐flood bathymetry pool distributions were compared. Measured scour was compared to predicted shear and pre‐flood and post‐flood fish habitat indices for coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) and steelhead trout (O. mykiss) were compared. Two‐dimensional flow model velocity and depth predictions compare favorably to measured field values with mean standard errors of 24 percent and 6 percent, respectively, while areas of predicted high shear coincide with the newly formed pool locations. At high flows, the fish habitat index used (weighted usable area) increased by 150 percent to 210 percent. The application of the hydrodynamic model indicated a net habitat benefit from the restoration activities and provides a means of assessing and optimizing planned works.     

DEBRIS FLOWS THROUGH DIFFERENT FOREST AGE CLASSES IN THE CENTRAL OREGON COAST RANGE1

ABSTRACT: Debris flows in the Pacific Northwest can play a major role in routing sediment and wood stored on hillslopes and in first‐through third‐order channels and delivering it to higher‐order channels. Field surveys following a large regional storm event investigated 53 debris flows in the central Oregon Coast Range to determine relationships among debris flow characteristics and the age class of the surrounding forest. The volume of sediment and wood delivered by debris flows was strongly correlated with runout length. Debris flows that initiated at roads were significantly longer than nonroad related failures, and road related landslides were an order of magnitude larger than nonroad related landslides. Clearcuts and roads tended to have more numerous contributing landslides relative to second growth and mature forests. No statistically significant difference in the average debris flow runout length was detected among the forest age classes, although debris flows initiating in clearcuts and mixed forest and at roads occasionally supported extremely long runout lengths that were outside the range of variability observed in completely forested basins. The size of wood in deposits was not correlated with the size of trees on the adjacent slopes, suggesting that the majority of wood in debris flow deposits was from remobilization of wood previously stored in low order channels.     

国外泥石流机理模型综述

综述了国外与机理有关的几个主要泥石流运动模型。建议近期泥石流运动机理研究宜着重厘定各类模型的适用范围和比较它们的应用结果，并进一步简化现有的机理模型，为泥石流防治工程提供具有一定理论基础和科学依据的流速、流量和冲击力等关键设计参数。与泥石流机理密切相关的预测预报，宜着重于泥石流的中长期预测和预警报，重点突破泥石流规模和发生频率相互关系的问题。     

我国泥石流危险度评价研究:回顾与展望

综述了自20世纪80年代末我国开展泥石流危险度评价研究以来,4个主要不同时期所用的评价方法及其发展过程,介绍了最新的单沟泥石流危险度评价技术及其改进的评价因子转换函数赋值新方法。首次提出了泥石流危险度评价的理论公式及其数值解,同时也指出了泥石流危险度理论研究方面所面临的困难。目前,现有的泥石流危险度评价方法是有效的和实用的,进一步的工作宜放在评价方法的可靠性研究上,同时要大力开展泥石流规模和发生频率相互关系的研究,以期达到最终用理论公式来评价泥石流危险度的目的,并实现现状评价和预测评价能同时进行的目标。