黄河三角洲盐碱土根际微环境的微生物多样性及理化性质分析

土壤盐碱化是限制全世界农业发展的主要问题.在盐碱土壤上种植盐生植物和耐盐植物可以对盐碱土壤进行脱盐,而盐碱土壤中的微生物对盐生植物和耐盐植物的生长起着重要作用.本研究在盐碱地上选取玉米、棉花、盐地芦苇和盐地碱蓬这4种有代表性的植物,采集土壤样品,探究植物根系与非根系主要细菌群落与土壤理化性质和盐碱土壤微生物多样性的关系.结果表明,盐地碱蓬的根系微生物在一定程度上影响了土壤的pH,土壤中的盐度与土壤营养物质呈明显的负相关关系.所有土壤样品中相对丰度较高的前5个细菌门均为变形菌门、放线菌门、拟杆菌门、绿弯菌门和酸杆菌门.其中,棉花、芦苇和盐地碱蓬中根系土壤与非根系土壤耐盐菌门存在较大差异,分析高通量测序结果可以得出3种植物根系与非根系土壤中差异较大的耐盐细菌属,如棉花土壤中差异较大的Actinophytocola和Lechevalieria,芦苇土壤中差异较大的Bacillus和Filobacillus,以及盐地碱蓬土壤中的Echinicola.本研究可为盐碱地中接种促进植物生长的微生物提供理论依据.     

菹草对湖泊水质及浮游植物群落结构的影响

沉水植物的季节性死亡分解会引起水体环境的巨大改变,如大量释放有机碳和氮磷等植物营养素,进而可能引起浮游植物群落结构的显著变化.本文以菹草为例,调查了我国江淮中下游平原14个浅水湖泊中该物种春季生长期和夏季衰亡期水环境物理化学指标和浮游植物相关参数,并量化了菹草衰亡对水质和浮游植物群落结构的影响.结果表明,在春季,菹草的生长显著抑制了沉积物的悬浮,提高了水体的透明度,同时菹草在生长过程中,吸收了水体中的营养元素并将其储存在植株体内或输送到沉积物中,菹草的光合作用还显著提高了水体的溶解氧和pH.然而,夏季菹草的衰亡使得湖水变得十分浑浊,水体有机质含量显著上升.此外,本研究还发现夏季有草区与无草区浮游植物组成和蓝藻生物量差异显著,对应的蓝藻占总藻生物量的比值分别为18.96%和34.05%.菹草衰亡区的蓝藻表现出更大生物量的原因如下:一是植株体的分解为蓝藻提供了充足的有机质和氮磷物质,为蓝藻的增殖提供了营养来源;二是夏季菹草衰亡导致水体浊度增加,使得蓝藻在竞争中占据了更好生态位,使其具备更大的氮、磷营养盐利用效率.     

超低排放下燃煤电厂颗粒物排放特征分析研究

选取6家经过超低排放改造的燃煤电厂,对湿法脱硫(WFGD)和湿式电除尘器(WESP)进出口烟气中TPM、PM_(10)、PM_(2.5)、PM_1进行测试,分析研究超低排放下燃煤电厂颗粒物的排放特征及电除尘器后净化设备对颗粒物的脱除效果。结果表明,6家电厂TPM、PM_(10)、PM_(2.5)、PM_1排放浓度分别为0.75~2.36、0.71~2.12、0.65~1.96、0.51~1.57 mg/m~3。分析烟气中颗粒物粒径分布可知,除尘器后,PM10占TPM质量比低于40%,且比例随烟气经过WFGD和WESP而逐渐降低。WFGD对PM2.5有较好的脱除效果,而WESP对PM1脱除效果显著。为满足超低排放标准,6家电厂除尘器后脱除设备综合除尘效率大多在85%以上。计算得到6家电厂TPM、PM_(10)、PM_(2.5)、PM_1排放因子,与超低排放改造之前同等级燃煤电厂相比,6家电厂不同粒径颗粒物排放因子均显著降低,也远低于西方发达国家燃煤电厂颗粒物排放因子。     

Application of Fair Trade certification for wild plants: lessons from a FairWild project in India

Based on a study of an experimental wild plant certification project implemented within a tribal community in India, this paper explores how wild plant collectors respond to two contradictory objectives of certification, namely, conserving a targeted plant species while promoting its sale. By providing economic incentives through certification, the project aimed to induce a shift from the collection of immature berries to mature berries from a targeted tree species. However, the majority of the collectors increased their harvests of mature berries while continuing to collect the same quantities of immature berries. This unanticipated project outcome can be attributed to the unique nature of wild plants as an uncertain income source that requires no investment. Evidently, collectors have developed their own concepts of ecological and economic sustainability derived from this unique income source endowed by nature, and have incorporated the new economic opportunity into their own natural resource management strategies.     

Detection of dioxygenase genes present in various activated sludge

GOAL, SCOPE AND BACKGROUND: Activated sludge from refineries contains various microorganisms that could utilize aromatics under aerobic conditions due to the oxygenase enzymes. Dioxygenase enzymes are oxygenases, which are involved in the ring cleavage step of aromatic hydrocarbons. In this study, the selected catabolic loci involved in ring cleavage have been monitored in the activated sludge samples at different time intervals. The investigation of the dioxygenase genes in the Effluent Treatment Plants (ETPs) and evaluation of their presence at different time points provides a clue for the aromatic utilizing potential of the inherent microbial flora. METHODS: The catabolic gene loci pheB, xylE, tod-isp, bed and nahG responsible for the enzymes catechol 1,2-dioxygenase, catechol 2,3-dioxygenase, toluene dioxygenase-iron-sulphur protein component, benzene dioxygenase and naphthalene dioxygenase were used respectively. The time dependent change in eubacterial population was demonstrated by the amplification of 16S rDNA product, followed by restriction digestion. The template DNA was obtained from the activated sludge collected from ETPs. The supporting physiological data for the overall performance of sludge was developed using respirometric analysis. The on-site COD and MLSS analysis for ETP was used in final evaluation. The study was carried out with samples collected from three different ETPs and also from a selected ETP at different time intervals. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: The respirometric studies were carried out with phenol, catechol, toluene, and naphthalene to arrive at the target genotypes for further study by PCR protocol. The respirometric analysis coupled with the COD and MLSS analysis represented the physiological capacity of the various sludges. Initially, the tracking protocol was optimized by using different sludge samples, which were collected from refineries. The selected genotypes were amplified and their presence has been confirmed using Southern analysis. The gene loci tod-isp, bed and xylE were commonly observed at various time intervals of the sludge from the same source. The gene loci pheB and nahG were found to be relatively rare. CONCLUSION: The 16S rDNA PCR products after restriction digestion produced different DNA fingerprint patterns, suggesting that the microbial community composition was diverse in the three sources. Similarly, the presence of the catechol 2,3-dioxygenase, benzene dioxygenase and toluene dioxygenase genes confirmed the aromatic degrading potential in the various sludges. The probes could not pick the nahG and pheB genes. However, the respirometeric assay suggested that the oxidative capacity to use naphthalene as a substrate exists. RECOMMENDATION AND PERSPECTIVE: Our study of the diversity at various time points from the ETP provided an overview of the shifts of the catabolic composition of the sludge. This also depends on the influential parameters like the incoming pollutant level and the environmental conditions that are prevailing and often changing from time to time. The results of direct DNA extraction and PCR amplification do reflect the relative abundance of a particular catabolic genotype, which could be used to monitor the efficiency of treatment.     

污水处理厂清洁生产评价指标体系的构建

运用层次分析法（AHP）根据污水处理厂自身的特点构建其清洁生产的评价指标体系模型,对于评价指标权重值的获得及考核的计算方法也作出了说明,期望能对污水处理厂的清洁生产起到推动作用。     

乌江梯级水库水陆交错区湿地植物群落分布格局及多样性初探

水库修建对湿地植物多样性和分布格局的影响是目前研究的热点。梯级水库由于开发时间的不同而成为理想的利用空间代替时间的研究平台,即可以通过不同开发时间水库植物群落结构的横向比较,从时间尺度上评估水电开发对水陆交错区湿地植物分布格局的影响。本研究选取乌江上游代表性的8座梯级水库,在其水陆交错区通过建立3条不同样带,比较分析不同水库间以及不同样带间湿地植物多样性和分布格局,探讨水库修建对湿地植物格局的影响。调查结果表明,乌江干流8个水库湿地植物共84科199属247种,其中物种最多的科为禾本科(Gramineae),共计24种,物种最多的属为蓼属(Polygonum)共计6种,优势物种分别为白茅(Imperata cylindrica)、盐肤木(Rhus chinensis)、金樱子(Rosa laevigata)、小白酒草(Conyza canadensis)和狗牙根(Cynodon dactylon)。就湿地植物分布格局而言,乌江梯级水库植物群落呈现出明显的带状分布格局,第一条样带即水库消落区植物多样性与非消落区(第二、第三条样带)差异明显,消落区不同样点间多样性与水库海拔、水库修建时间、水库坡度密切相关,后续湿地植物的研究将重点关注梯级水库的消落区。     

环胶州湾污水处理厂排放口溶解有机氮生物可利用潜力研究

溶解有机氮(DON)是陆源输入近海总溶解氮(TDN)的重要组成部分,其生物可利用性对探讨近海氮污染和富营养化形成机制具有重要意义.本研究根据2012年7月、2012年11月、2013年3月和2013年5月在胶州湾海域4个污水处理厂进行的4次调查,分析了直排胶州湾污水处理厂水体中总溶解氮(TDN)及其中总溶解氨基酸(TDAA)的含量和季节分布特征,并以溶解有机碳n(DOC)/溶解有机氮n(DON)和氨基酸的构成和丰度为指标,评价了直排胶州湾各污水处理厂排放口DON的生物可利用性.结果表明,TDN的变化范围为413.10~3 580.65μmol·L~(-1),并基本呈现3月和11月高,5月和7月低的变化趋势,其中,DON在TDN中所占摩尔分数变化范围为2.14%~88.75%.各污水处理厂排放口不同季节DOC/DON值较低,介于0.2~26.2 mol·mol~(-1)之间,平均值为(5.05±6.39)mol·mol~(-1),而TDAA中所含碳在DOC中的摩尔分数即TDAA/DOC值较高,分布在0.33%~3.02%之间,平均值为1.54%±0.78%,基于TDAA/DOC估算排入胶州湾各污水处理厂排放口污水中具有生物可利用溶解有机质所占摩尔分数为0.44%~46.97%.上述结果表明,直排胶州湾污水处理厂排放口DON具有较高的生物可利用性,对该海域富营养化贡献不容忽视.     

燃煤电厂烟气中SO_3控制技术及测试方法探讨

探讨了燃煤电厂烟气中SO_3控制技术及测试方法,旨在为我国相关技术的研究及测试标准的制定提供参考依据。详述了烟气中SO_3的燃烧前、燃烧中及燃烧后控制技术;燃煤烟气中SO_3的测定主要应用先采样后分析SO_4~(2-)的方法,SO_3的采样主要使用异丙醇吸收法和控制冷凝法,SO_4~(2-)则主要使用容量滴定法、分光光度法及离子色谱法进行分析。此外,分析了不同SO_3控制技术及测试方法的优缺点,提出了可行的燃煤电厂烟气中SO_3控制技术路线。     

国内外核电厂放射性流出物排放对标分析研究

核电厂流出物的受控排放是确保环境安全的重要手段.为了全面掌握中国核电厂在运压水堆、重水堆核电机组的实际排放水平,以加拿大、法国等国外核电厂流出物排放情况为参照,对标分析中国核电厂的环境排放现状,为核电厂流出物排放安全监管提供技术支持.对标分析结果表明,中国重水堆核电机组放射性流出物的平均归一化排放量低于加拿大重水堆的排放水平.中国压水堆液态流出物中氚的归一化排放量略超过法国外,其余排放水平较为接近.