多种湿地植物组合对污水中氮和磷的去除效果

通过室内静水实验,研究了再力花(Thalia dealbata)、鸢尾(Iris tectorum)、菖蒲(Acorus calamus)、茭白(Zizania aquatica)、睡莲(Nymphaea tetragona Georgi)、大聚藻(Myriophyllum aquaticum)、马蹄莲(Zantedeschia aethiopica Spreng)7种不同生态型的湿地植物进行镶嵌组合后各组合对水体中氮、磷的去除效果.结果表明,不同生态型的湿地植物组合对污水中氮和磷的去除效果较好,8种组合中对总氮和氨氮去除效果最好的组合为睡莲+再力花(S+Z)和睡莲+马蹄莲+茭白+菖蒲(S+M+J+C),最大去除率分别为92.29%和95.50%.对总磷的去除效果最好的组合为睡莲+再力花+鸢尾(S+Z+Y),较无植物对照组的最大净化率提高了43.73%.不同水生植物组合后对氮、磷的净化效果差异较小,种湿地植物组合对总氮、氨氮和磷的去除率范围分别为83.19%～92.29%、86.50%～95.50%和85.67%～99.87%.运用隶属函数进行综合评价,筛选出对污水中氮和磷净化能力较强的组合为:睡莲+再力花(S+Z)、睡莲+马蹄莲+茭白+菖蒲(S+M+J+C)、睡莲+再力花+鸢尾(S+Z+Y)及睡莲+再力花+茭白+菖蒲(S+Z+J+C).     

Identification of chemical hazards for terrestrial plants in the regulatory context: Comparison of OECD and ISO guidelines

Standardized test protocols are used in the regulatory context for identifying the hazardous properties of chemicals, wastes, and contaminated materials. This paper compares the relevance of two guidelines measuring effects on terrestrial plants, the OECD TG 208 and the ISO TG 22030 and presents the scientific basis for a recent decision of the European Chemicals Agency (ECHA) under the European chemicals regulation REACH. If there are no specific phytotoxicity alerts, both guidelines are considered suitable for assessing long-term hazards, providing that a sufficient number of species is included in the OECD protocol, the recommended minimum number is six, which offer a reasonably broad selection of species to account for interspecies sensitivity. The proposed methodology, based on a combination of probabilistic assessments using Monte Carlo analysis, can be adapted for supporting similar decisions under specific regulatory processes; for example, for assessing contaminated soils or pesticides’ applications.     

Status Assessment of New Zealand's Naturally Uncommon Ecosystems

Abstract: Globally, ecosystems are under increasing anthropogenic pressure; thus, many are at risk of elimination. This situation has led the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) to propose a quantitative approach to ecosystem‐risk assessment. However, there is a need for their proposed criteria to be evaluated through practical examples spanning a diverse range of ecosystems and scales. We applied the IUCN's ecosystem red‐list criteria, which are based on changes in extent of ecosystems and reductions in ecosystem processes, to New Zealand's 72 naturally uncommon ecosystems. We aimed to test the applicability of the proposed criteria to ecosystems that are naturally uncommon (i.e., those that would naturally occur over a small area in the absence of human activity) and to provide information on the probability of ecosystem elimination so that conservation priorities might be set. We also tested the hypothesis that naturally uncommon ecosystems classified as threatened on the basis of IUCN Red List criteria contain more threatened plant species than those classified as nonthreatened. We identified 18 critically endangered, 17 endangered, and 10 vulnerable ecosystems. We estimated that naturally uncommon ecosystems contained 145 (85%) of mainland New Zealand's taxonomically distinct nationally critical, nationally endangered, and nationally vulnerable plant species, 66 (46%) of which were endemic to naturally uncommon ecosystems. We estimated there was a greater number of threatened plant species (per unit area) in critically endangered ecosystems than in ecosystems classified as nonthreatened. With their high levels of endemism and rapid and relatively well‐documented history of anthropogenic change, New Zealand's naturally uncommon ecosystems provide an excellent case‐study for the ongoing development of international criteria for threatened ecosystems. We suggest that interactions and synergies among decline in area, decline in function, and the scale of application of the criteria be used to improve the IUCN criteria for threatened ecosystems.     

Biodiversity conservation through faith and tradition in India: some case studies

SUMMARY

In India, since ancient times, several members of the flora and fauna have been identified with particular personalities of the Hindu pantheon and are worshipped. Many wild animals, such as tigers, lions and elephants, and birds such as the peacock, owl and swan have been revered as the vehicles of Gods and Goddesses and worshipped. Several trees, such as mango, coconut, khejri, emblica, tamarind, ashoka, madhuca and wood apple, and herbs such as basil are considered highly sacred and worshipped. This belief and these practices continue in one form or another even today in certain sections of Indian society, particularly the rural folk and the aboriginal tribes living in the forest. Nature worship is a form of tribal belief and the faith of these laymen has helped to conserve many natural ecosystems in India. They have preserved many pristine forests—called ‘sacred groves’ in their original forms. Sacred groves are rich in biodiversity. They are the last refuge of the rare flora and fauna which have otherwise disappeared from the modern world. Sacred groves have become part of the ‘biosphere reserves’ of India.     

城市污水厂尾水受纳河段沉积物脲酶活性及硝化潜力分析

为探究城市污水厂尾水排放对河流沉积物氮素滞留的影响,在合肥市的南淝河、十五里河、塘西河、板桥河和廿埠河各选取一个河段,分3个季节采集尾水排放口上、下游一定范围的河道表层沉积物,解析沉积物脲酶活性、硝化潜力及其变化特征,并对沉积物脲酶活性对外源碳的响应开展定量化分析.结果表明,5个尾水受纳河段排放口下游河道沉积物TN、NH₄⁺-N含量都不同程度的低于上游对照点,多数受纳河段沉积物NO₃^--N和OM含量下降,TP则大都不同程度的升高.绝大多数受纳河段尾水排放口下游沉积物脲酶活性低于上游对照点,甚至离尾水排放口距离越近的采样点位脲酶活性越低.5个尾水受纳河段不同程度表现出沉积物脲酶活性随外源碳浓度梯度增大的特点,表明河段沉积物脲酶活性存在一定的碳限制性.南淝河、十五里河和塘西河河段尾水排放口下游所有采样点沉积物硝化速率均高于上游对照点,而板桥河、 廿埠河河段则相反.总体上,各尾水受纳河段排放口上游对照点与下游采样点的沉积物脲酶活性、硝化潜力和硝化活性差异性不显著.     

洪湖沼泽土及涝洼水稻土水生作物开发研究

简要介绍了洪湖湖区的生态环境，阐述了湖周沼泽土和涝洼水稻土的性质及其开发利用现状。还报导了作者在该湖湖周进行水生作物开发利用研究的结果     

Specific Anatomical Features of Vegetative Organs in Some Macrophyte Species under Conditions of Industrial Pollution

Russian Journal of Ecology -     

火灾数值模拟技术在核电厂防火设计中的应用研究

火灾数值模拟技术作为新兴的火灾分析手段,近年来得到越来越广泛的应用.旨在分析我国主要在役、在建各类型核电厂所使用的火灾分析技术,从技术成熟度、知识产权情况、研发关键技术等角度,全面分析火灾数值模拟技术在我国核电厂推广应用的可行性和亟待解决的问题,并探讨形成自主化的分析评价方法的思路和方向.