SAMPLING CHARACTERISTICS OF MACROPHYTE BIOMASS1

ABSTRACT: This paper discusses the virtues of a stratified random system for sampling aquatic plant biomass. It also discusses factors which might be wed to stratify samples and it presents a case study of Lilly Lake, wisconsin, where a stratified random system reduced sampling efforts by about 37 percent.     

Managing the cooling capacity of the upper rhine: A case study

In most industrialized countries, environmental standards exist which prescribe the maximum allowable man-made increase in water temperature of a river. Together with flowrate and weather conditions, these standards determine the rate at which waste heat may be discharged into a river at any moment. Power generating stations with variable cooling systems can adjust their heat discharge into the river in compliance with environmental standards and by doing so exert an influence on power generation capacity. In this paper, a scheme is developed that allows a chain of power stations discharging into the same river to operate their cooling systems such that the output of total electricity is maximized and water temperature standards are accomodated. The optimum balance between stations is determined through dynamic programming. From the results of a simulation model using historical data, simple decision rules for day-to-day operation are abstracted. These rules are based solely on the river flow rates at each power station.     

三峡库区（湖北部分）珍稀濒危保护植物资源现状

对长江三峡库区（湖北部分）宜昌,兴山,秭归和巴东４县的调查表明,三峡库区天然分布有殂稀濒危植物４０种,隶属２７科３６属,分别占湖北省总数６２种和全国总数３８８种的６４．５％和１０．３％;天然分布有国家重点保护植物１３１种,隶属２７科７３属,分别占湖北省总数的２０６种和全国总数的１７００多种的６３．６％和７．７％,其中国家一级保护植物有红豆杉、南方红豆杉、珙酮、光叶珙酮４种。国家二级保护植物有金毛狗     

Relationship between electrogenic performance and physiological change of four wetland plants in constructed wetland-microbial fuel cells during non-growing seasons

To find suitable wetland plants for constructed wetland-microbial fuel cells(CW-MFCs),four commonly used wetland plants, including Canna indica, Cyperus alternifolius L., Acorus calamus, and Arundo donax, were investigated for their electrogenic performance and physiological changes during non-growing seasons. The maximum power output of12.82 mW/m~2 was achieved in the A. donax CW-MFC only when root exudates were being released. The results also showed that use of an additional carbon source could remarkably improve the performance of electricity generation in the C. indica and A. donax CW-MFCs at relatively low temperatures(2–15°C). However, A. calamus withered before the end of the experiment, whereas the other three plants survived the winter safely, although their relative growth rate values and the maximum quantum yield of PSII(Fv/Fm) significantly declined, and free proline and malondialdehyde significantly accumulated in their leaves.On the basis of correlation analysis, temperature had a greater effect on plant physiology than voltage. The results offer a valuable reference for plant selection for CW-MFCs.     

南京市铅锌矿采矿场土壤重金属污染评价及优势植物重金属富集特征

为了筛选可用于修复土壤重金属污染的植物材料,测定了南京市某铅锌矿采矿场土壤及样地内14种优势植物中Cd、Cr、Cu、Mn、Pb、Zn的含量,并分析了采矿场土壤重金属的污染状况和14种植物对这6种重金属元素的富集和转运能力.结果表明,矿区土壤中Cd、Mn、Zn、Pb的污染最为严重,单因子污染指数分别达到了45.71、11.68、10.40和4.46;样地的内梅罗综合污染指数为33.45,也达到重度污染级别.尽管各种重金属的含量不同,14种优势植物均表现出了较强的重金属耐受能力,其中井栏边草(Pteris multifida)和络石(Trachelospermum jasminoides)对6种重金属均表现出很高的富集能力.所有植物体内Zn含量均超出了正常范围,但仅马唐(Digitaria sanguinalis)对Zn的生物富集系数大于1,其他植物的重金属生物富集系数均小于1.14种植物对重金属的生物转移系数较高,其中菊芋(Helianthus tuberosus)和野菊(Dendranthema indicum)对6种重金属的生物转移系数均大于1.根据植物对重金属的吸收机制,可将14种植物分为3类:富集型植物,如菊芋(H.tuberosus)、野菊(D.indicum)、垂序商陆(Phytolacca americana)、爵床(Justicia procumbens)、马唐(D.sanguinalis)、山莴苣(Sonchus brachyotus)、龙葵(Solanum nigrum)和狗尾草(Setaria viridis);根部囤积型植物,如井栏边草(P.multifida)和络石(T.jasminoides);规避型植物,如一枝黄花(Solidago decurrens)、蛇莓(Duchesnea indica)、青绿苔草(Carex breviculmis)和贯众(Cyrtomium fortunei).     

基于在线监测的2015年中国火电排放清单

伴随着超低排放技术在中国火电行业的广泛应用,中国火电行业排放水平已发生了显著变化.故现有火电排放清单排放因子和排放量等无法反映当前火电污染物排放提标情况.基于全国火电在线监测（CEMS）、环境统计和排污许可等数据,提出一种自下而上逐企业建立中国火电行业排放清单的方法.与传统方法相比较,该方法的特点是更加全面的考虑了火电行业超低技术,实际排放浓度与活动水平等综合因素.作为实例,本文基于所提出的火电行业排放清单的方法计算了新的2015年中国火电行业排放清单（HPEC）.结果表明2015年全国火电厂SO₂、NO_x和烟尘平均排放浓度范围分别为7.88~208.57、40.33~238.2和5.86~53.93mg/m³.北京、上海火电排放基本达到《煤电节能减排升级与改造行动计划（2014~2020年）》制定的超低改造目标;绝大部分的省份SO₂、NO_x在线监测均值小于排污许可执行标准均值.中国燃煤机组的SO₂、NO_x、烟尘排放因子平均值分别为0.67、0.76、0.16g/kg（以入炉煤计）.全国火电CO、VOCs、NO_x、SO₂、PM₁₀、PM_2.5总排放量分别为403.87、10.73、122.94、146.68、28.72和22.80万t/a,平均排放绩效值分别为1.06、0.03、0.32、0.39、0.08、0.06g/（kW×h）.     

云南文化植物及其开发

云南省拥有丰富的植物资源和多样的民族文化，使云南各族人民在长期的生产和生活中不但把植物作为生产和生活资料，而且还赋予植物许多人类文化的内涵，使植物成为传承民族文化的载体之一，因此研究云南文化植物及其资源开发与保护具有深远的意义。以云南民间常见的文化植物为例，从文化植物学的角度，阐述了云南文化植物的特征、分区及其资源的开发与保护价值。     

艾比湖流域典型植物生长的水文地质条件研究

在野外实际调查资料基础上,总结了艾比湖流域典型植物胡杨、梭梭、红柳赋存的地貌位置、当前主要存在问题、适生地下水位埋深、包气带岩性与结构等水文地质条件,为流域的综合治理提供依据。     

核电厂人因及组织行政管理安全审查体系

定期安全审查 (PSR)是国际原子能机构 (IAEA)近年推广的一种新的核电厂安全审查方式 ,它强调系统性、全面性和关键性。人因安全因素 (HF)、组织机构和行政管理安全因素 (OA)是PSR的重要组成部分 ,也是PSR中审查难度较大的部分之一。其难点主要在于如何用有限的评审指标去刻画出最能表征人因、OA对核电厂安全运行最具影响的特征因子 ,建立起科学的、系统化的审查体系 ,且该体系还需具有较强的可操作性。基于上述认识 ,笔者建立了核电厂人因及组织行政管理安全审查体系 ,它包含安全目标与方针、人员配备与资格、组织机构与管理、配置控制、培训、职业健康、运行经验反馈、质量保证、人 -机接口、遵章守法等 10类 19个要素。同时介绍了其评审指标、审查内容、审查方法和程序等。该体系已应用于秦山核电厂。     

Uptake and Metabolism of TNT and GTN by Plants Expressing Bacterial Pentaerythritol Tetranitrate Reductase

The manufacture and improper disposal of explosives has resulted in a significant amount of land requiring remediation. The compound 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT) is the most persistent and toxic of the explosive pollutants with current treatment methods being energy intensive and costly. Bacterial enzymes such as pentaerythritol tetranitrate reductase (PETNR) from Enterobacter cloacae PB2 have been found to have activity against TNT; however, microbes often lack the biomassnecessary for remediation applications. The PETNRgene (onr1) was transformed into tobacco plants in an attempt to combine the metabolic diversity of microbes with the sequestering properties of plants. The resulting transgenic plants were shown to have enhanced tolerance to TNT during germination and as seedlings. Phytoremediation applications with these plants may provide an alternative treatment of TNT contamination.