不同季节城市污水处理厂微生物群落特性

不同季节污水处理厂由于水质和温度等的变化而导致处理效果不同.为了解不同季节污水处理系统活性污泥中细菌群落结构及其多样性的变化规律,本研究选取了5座不同处理工艺的污水处理厂,分别在夏季（气温28℃±2℃,水温24.9℃±1.1℃）和冬季（气温0℃±3℃,水温16.8℃±1.3℃）两个时间点采集了60份活性污泥样品,采用高通量测序技术对其微生物群落结构特征进行了解析.结果表明,不同污水处理厂主要优势菌属的相对丰度存在极显著性差异,而同一污水处理厂不同处理单元（厌氧池、缺氧池和好氧池）中活性污泥细菌微生物群落结构相似.同时冬夏两季的优势菌属也存在差异,夏季主要优势菌属SJA-15、Ferruginibacter和Blastocatellaceae的相对丰度分别为6.07%、4.50%和4.44%,冬季主要优势菌属硝化螺旋菌属Nitrospira、甲基娇养杆菌属Methylotenera和RBG-13-54-9的相对丰度分别为10.17%、3.96%和3.28%.环境因子关联分析表明,温度、总氮、NH₄⁺-N、总磷和化学需氧量是影响微生物群落结构的主要环境因子,并且在这些环境因子中,温度对群落结构影响最大,其次是总氮.同时,功能酶的预测分析表明,冬季污水处理厂活性污泥中参与氮循环关键酶相对丰度高于夏季.上述结果表明,温度、水质和处理工艺均会影响污水处理系统活性污泥中细菌群落结构,包括优势细菌及其丰度.     

城市污水处理厂氧化沟工艺微生物种群分析

应用荧光原位杂交技术(fluorescent in situ hybridization,FISH)对我国北方某城市污水处理厂氧化沟工艺中的微生物进行种群分析,考察系统活性污泥中聚磷菌(phosphorus accumulating organisms,PAOs)和聚糖原菌(glycogen accumulatingorganisms,GAOs)的种群结构特点及其空间分布变化关系.结果表明,厌氧池、氧化沟缺氧区和好氧区中PAOs占全菌百分比分别为2.0%±0.6%、3.4%±0.6%和3.5%±1.2%;GAOs所占全菌百分比分别为25.3%±8.7%、30.3%±7.1%和24.4%±6.1%.该厂氧化沟工艺PAOs含量低于已报道其他脱氮除磷系统水平(7%～22%),其除磷性能较差.数据统计分析显示,氧化沟缺氧、好氧区中PAOs含量相对于厌氧池有显著上升,而GAOs含量沿程变化不大.     

水位调控法恢复富营养化水体沉水植物技术研究——以无锡五里湖为例

利用降低水位后引种水生植物(尤其是沉水植物),然后根据水生植物的成活率与长势,逐步提高水位的水位调控方法,成功地在无锡市五里湖的退渔还湖区域大大地提高了水生植物覆盖度,水生植物的多样性也明显提高。该方法具有操作简单、见效快、成本低廉的特点,值得在类似富营养化水体的生态环境治理中推广应用。     

太湖大型水生植物的现状与管理研究

随着太湖地区的经济发展及湖泊资源的利用,太湖大型水生植物的爆发性生长已经成为提高太湖水质、维持生态系统稳定的严重阻碍。大型水生植物死亡后可能会导致水质异常,进而给饮用水安全带来威胁。本文依据对太湖主要湖区大型水生植物的群落结构、分布范围、季节更替的研究,表述了大型水生植物监管的现状及问题,提出构建了太湖大型水生植物暴发应急防控与长效监管体系,为政府部门实施系统性监管提供支撑,并在全国湖泊大型水生植物监管方面发挥积极的示范作用。     

Concentrations and sources of an emerging pollutant, decabromodiphenylethane (DBDPE), in sewage sludge for land application

The presence of an emerging brominated flame retardant, decabromodiphenylethane (DBDPE), has been confirmed in Spanish sewage sludge. Thirty one samples from different urban wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) were analyzed for this brominated flame retardant. DBDPE was positively identified and quantified in all samples at lower concentrations (47.0 ± 29.7 ng/g dry weight (dw); mean ± SD) than those obtained for decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-209) (290 ± 236 ng/g dw; mean ± SD) in a previous study. Influence of the WWTP characteristics in the pollutant levels was evaluated. No significant correlations were obtained between DBDPE concentrations and the population or sewage sludge production rate associated with the plants, neither wastewater treatment method. Sources of DBDPE in the sludge were also evaluated. Data indicate a common origin for DBDPE and BDE-209, which may be related to leaching processes during the use and disposal of consumer products containing these chemicals. Nevertheless, DBDPE contents are not influenced by industrial activities, which suggests that the infusion of DBDPE commercial mixture is not a source of this chemical into the environment, and indicates that the use of DBDPE in the Spanish industry is still low compared to deca-BDE.     

Profiles and removal efficiency of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons by two different types of sewage treatment plants in Hong Kong

Sewage discharge could be a major source of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(PAHs) in the coastal waters. Stonecutters Island and Shatin Sewage Treatment Works(SCISTW and STSTW)in Hong Kong, adopted chemically enhanced primary treatment and biological treatment,respectively. This study aimed at(1) determining the removal efficiencies of PAHs,(2) comparing the capabilities in removing PAHs, and(3) characterizing the profile of each individual PAHs, in the two sewage treatment plants(STPs). Quantification of 16 PAHs was conducted by a Gas Chromatography. The concentrations of total PAHs decreased gradually along the treatment processes(from 301 ± 255 and 307 ± 217 ng/L to 14.9 ± 12.1 and 63.3 ± 54.1 ng/L in STSTW and SCISTW, respectively). It was noted that STSTW was more capable in removing total PAHs than SCISTW with average total removal efficiency 94.4% ± 4.12% vs. 79.2% ± 7.48%(p 0.05). The removal of PAHs was probably due to sorption in particular matter, confirmed by the higher distribution coefficient of individual and total PAHs in solid samples(dewatered sludge contained92.5% and 74.7% of total PAHs in SCISTW and STSTW, respectively) than liquid samples(final effluent-total contained 7.53% and 25.3% of total PAHs in STSTW and SCISTW, respectively).Despite the impressive capability of STSTW and SCISTW in removing PAHs, there was still a considerable amount of total PAHs(1.85 and 39.3 kg/year, respectively for the two STPs) being discharged into Hong Kong coastal waters, which would be an environmental concern.     

锌冶炼-氯碱复合污染区木本植物中的汞

研究了葫芦岛市13个不同地点的154个木本植物样品的汞含量.葫芦岛市木本植物受到严重的汞污染.叶汞含量为0.029～2.700 mg·kg^-1,平均为0.182 mg·kg^-1,植物叶汞中的浓度李树＞梨树＞柳树＞杉树＞榆树＞槐树＞丁香＞杨树＞松树＞柏树;茎汞含量为0.009～0.342 mg·kg^-1,平均为0.066 mg·kg^-1.植物树茎、树叶汞含量呈显著正相关,树叶>树茎.植物汞含量与其距离污染源的远近及风向有关,距离污染源越近,植物总汞含量越高.表明大气沉降作用对植物汞的含量有显著的影响,锌冶炼厂是植物汞含量的主要来源.     

Occurrence and fate of heavy metals in the wastewater treatment process

The occurrence and the fate of heavy metals (Cd, Pb, Mn, Cu, Zn, Fe and Ni) during the wastewater treatment process were investigated in the wastewater treatment plant (WTP) of the city of Thessaloniki, northern Greece, operating in the activated sludge mode. For this purpose, wastewater and sludge samples were collected from six different points of the plant, namely, the influent (raw wastewater, RW), the effluent of the primary sedimentation tank (primary sedimentation effluent, PSE), the effluent of the secondary sedimentation tank (secondary sedimentation effluent, SSE), sludge from the primary sedimentation tank (primary sludge, PS), activated sludge from the recirculation stream (activated sludge, AS), and the digested/dewatered sludge (final sludge, FS).

The distribution of metals between the aqueous and the solid phase of wastewater was investigated. Good exponential correlation was found between the metal partition coefficient, logK_p, and the suspended solids concentration. The mass balance of heavy metals in the primary, secondary and the whole treatment process showed good closures for all metal species. The relative distribution of individual heavy metals in the treated effluent and the sludge streams indicated that Mn and Cu are primarily (>70%) accumulated in the sludge, while 47–63% of Cd, Cr, Pb, Fe, Ni and Zn remain in the treated effluent.     

氮肥企业退役地块氨氮污染及其风险研究

基于氮肥企业退役地块土壤、地下水、土壤气和室内空气中氨氮的实测数据,分析了氨氮在各地块中的污染水平和分布特征,评估了氨氮污染的人体健康风险,分析了氨挥发造成的刺激性异味风险和对室内空气质量的影响,及氨氮迁移转化对附近地表水和下游地下水水质的污染风险.分析发现,4个地块中土壤和地下水氨氮含量均表现较强的变异性,土壤中氨氮最高浓度分别高达12700.00,2420.00,2920.00,2370.00mg/kg,地下水中氨氮最高值分别高达7550.00,5100.00,847.00,3760.00mg/L.在平面分布上,4个地块中土壤和地下水较高浓度氨氮均主要分布在生产区和污水处理区,在垂向分布上4个地块间存在差异,氮肥厂I的土壤以黏土为主,多数点位氨氮含量随深度增加而递减,氮肥厂II、III和IV的土壤以粉土/粉砂或粉土夹粉黏为主,氨氮含量总体呈现随深度增加而增加的趋势.4个地块中,仅氮肥厂I在最保守条件下土壤中氨氮的最高危害熵(1.54)略超可接受风险水平(1.0).氮肥厂II和IV的土壤气和室内空气中检出氨浓度范围分别为≤ 9.88mg/m³和≤ 0.18mg/m³,对室内空气质量未产生不利影响.氮肥厂I和II紧邻河流监测井中的氨氮浓度超《地表水环境质量标准》中IV类(1.5mg/L)标准1.05~409.33倍,氮肥厂III和IV污染区地下水中氨氮浓度在至少4次监测结果中有轻微降低,且在下游监测井中发现硝态氮的积累.分析结果表明,4个地块在现状条件下土壤和地下水氨氮污染的人体健康风险较低,对室内空气质量影响较小.但地块地下水中氨氮是附近地表水和下游地下水环境的长期污染源,氨氮转化的硝态氮更易向下游迁移.建议今后处理氮肥企业退役地块氨氮污染时将其对地表水和下游地下水环境的污染风险纳入考虑.     

利用沉水植物治理水体富营养化

文章论述了沉水植物的生态功能，着重介绍了富营养化水体沉水植被恢复的基础理论、限制因子、先锋物种选择研究的进展。指出针对华南地区水体富营养化生境和沉水植物特点进行相关理论和技术研究的必要性。