承包商管理——职业安全健康管理中的重要环节

随着市场经济的不断深入和发展,生产经营单位之间的分工与协作程度日益增加,承包商在生产经营单位的运营活动中起着越来越重要的作用,其活动已涉及生产经营活动的许多方面,直接影响到生产经营单位的安全生产管理和职业安全健康表现。现实情况表明,许多伤亡事故是由承包商作业人员造成的或与承包商作业人员有关。法律法规和职业安全健康标准也对承包商管理提出了明确的要求。因此,承包商管理,已成为生产经营单位职业安全健康管理中的重要环节。笔者从采购管制、作业管理、监测与测量3个方面讨论了承包商管理的基本内容;进而讨论了临时、长期和重点承包商管理的大思路和具体方法。     

安全生产是中国可持续发展的重要组成部分

安全生产往往被认为仅是企业和政府主管部门的工作 ,人们论及可持续发展 ,只提到资源、环境、人口 ,却忽略了安全生产。笔者强调了安全生产是可持续发展的重要组成部分 ,要使社会各界都重视安全生产工作 ,才能保障生产活动中人的安全 ;同时提出了如下观点 :同一切事物一样 ,可持续发展本身也是一个发展的过程 ,这个过程是有阶段性的 ,每个阶段都有具体的发展目标 ,不同时期、不同国家和地区发展的内容和重点也是有差别的。鉴于现阶段我国严峻的安全生产形势 ,安全生产应作为我国可持续发展的重点内容。笔者还探讨了可持续发展观的起源和内涵 ;用人的需求层次理论 ,论述了安全生产与可持续发展的关系 ;从中国安全生产形势严峻的角度 ,分析了安全生产对中国可持续发展的影响 ;从坚持以人为本 ,树立全面、协调、可持续的发展观出发 ,对做好安全生产工作提出了 7个方面的对策和建议。     

Electromagnetic field levels in the working environment in radio and TV stations

Electromagnetic field sources used for communication always have been subject of serious interest. There are many publications concerning exposure and risk assessment of the working in such environment. Results of epidemiological study performed in Bulgaria in the 1990's show exceeding of the maximal permissible values especially in radio stations for the personnel in 24 h working shift [Israel et al. (1992). Study of the electromagnetic in its influence on personnel working in radio and TV stations, Report, National Centre of Hygiene, Medical Ecology and Nutrition; Israel and Tomov (2001). Epidemiological study of the effects of radiofrequency radiation on operators in radio, TV and relay stations, Proceeding of the Eastern European Regional Meeting and Workshop “Measurements and Criteria for Standard Harmonization in the field of EMF Exposure” and WHO EMF Standards Harmonization Meeting, Varna, Bulgaria, 28 April—3 May, 2001, pp.145–153]. In the last years the situation is strongly influenced by the development of the technology which leads to changes in equipment in radio and TV stations, using lower power, facilitate the working regime. The paper presents data of exposure assessment of different professional groups in selected radio and TV stations. Assessment is being performed on basis of EMF parameters values and energetic load calculations according to the national legislation. Data are compared with the results of previous investigation to evaluate the new situation in this branch. Exposure levels are much lower than those in the previous study, and lower compared to the exposure limits, as well [Israel et al. (1992). Study of the electromagnetic in its influence on personnel working in radio and TV stations, Report, National Centre of Hygiene, Medical Ecology and Nutrition; Israel and Tomov (2001). Epidemiological study of the effects of radiofrequency radiation on operators in radio, TV and relay stations, Proceeding of the Eastern European Regional Meeting and␣Workshop “Measurements and Criteria for Standard Harmonization in the field of EMF Exposure” and WHO EMF Standards Harmonization Meeting, Varna, Bulgaria, 28 April—3 May, 2001, pp.145–153].     

从安全检测评价实践看当前安全生产的若干薄弱环节

笔者根据安全检测评价实践 ,对安全评价中的一些问题进行归纳、分析 ,认为当前安全生产的主要薄弱环节是 :许多行业的设施、设备在本质安全化方面不到位 ;多数生产、经营活动者 ,在安全与效益发生矛盾时 ,轻安全重效益 ;员工安全意识、安全素质和安全管理人员素质有待提高。笔者结合检测评价工作 ,针对薄弱环节提出了整改建议 :高风险行业在进行基础设施和系统装置的建设时 ,应注重安全投入 ,切实做好项目的安全评价工作 ;对现有本质安全不到位的设施、装置 ,要结合项目技改工作逐步整改 ;加强安全监管队伍建设 ;生产经营单位必须摆正安全与效益关系 ,创建企业安全文化 ,提高全员安全素质 ;建立职业安全健康管理体系 ,建立安全生产长效机制。     

Working in small enterprises – Is there a special risk?

Ownership structure is an important factor. For independent enterprises, the ergonomic, physical and chemical work environment is more hazardous in small enterprises than in large ones. For enterprises that are part of a larger organization, the work environment tends to be more hazardous in large enterprises when controlling for the same factors. For the psychosocial factors, the trend is different – better in small than in large enterprises independent of ownership. In all enterprises, both public and private, the quality of health and safety management systems and workplace assessment is remarkably higher in large than in small enterprises.These differences in work environment for small and large enterprises have been studied in the ‘Danish Work Environment Cohort Study’ and ‘Surveillance of health and safety activities in enterprises’. These datasets are linked together to a reliable database with data on work environment and enterprises including size, ownership structure, and health and safety management.     

新时期环境监测工作的几点思考

新时期环境监测面临的任务复杂而艰巨,如何才能从容应对各种突发事件,如何才能更好的为环境管理服务,如何才能进一步提高监测分析水平,构建先进的预警体系,是不断拓展环境监测领域,加快信息化建设步伐的必由之路。