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41.
Investigators monitoring air quality at the World Trade Center, after the September 11th attacks, found extremely high levels
of volatile organic chemicals as well as unusual species that had never been seen before in structure fires. Data collected
by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency indicate striking spikes in levels of benzene, styrene, and several other products
of combustion. These spikes occurred on specific dates in October and November 2001, and February 2002. Additionally, data
collected by researchers at the University of California Davis showed similar spikes in the levels of sulfur and silicon compounds,
and certain metals, in aerosols. To better explain these data, as well as the unusual detection of 1,3-diphenylpropane, the
presence of energetic nanocomposites in the pile at Ground Zero is hypothesized. 相似文献
42.
This study aimed to make a review and forecast on fertilizers consumption worldwide in order to provide basal data for the
decision-making of fertilizers production and for the environmental impact assessment of fertilizers application. It was found
that fertilizers consumption was dependent on human population and the increase of fertilizers consumption was mainly resulted
from expansion of human population. The univariate linear model, y=a+rx(t), where y is the fertilizers consumption, x(t) is the total human population at year t, r is the annual fertilizers consumption per capita, was used to fit historical data of fertilizers consumption, and the forecasts
during 2010 to 2030 were given in detail. Model analysis showed that world’s per capita annual consumption of total fertilizers,
nitrogenous fertilizers, phosphate fertilizers, and potash fertilizers, were 34.6, 24.4, 6.6, and 3.7 kg, respectively. Per
capita annual consumption of total fertilizers for Asia, Africa, Caribbean, Oceania, North & Central America, Europe, and
South America were 38.8, 5.9, 6.8, 114.0, 62.9, −0.9, and 43.6 kg, respectively. Compared to the current level, the world’s
total fertilizers consumption would reach 226,150,381 Mt by 2030, an increase of 32.1% against current level. Worldwide consumption
of nitrogenous fertilizers, phosphate fertilizers, and potash fertilizers would reach 141,800,601, 50,961,129, and 33,388,650 Mt
by 2030, increasing 37.5, 25.8, and 21.2% based on current levels. Consumption of total, nitrogenous, phosphate, and potash
fertilizers in Asia and Africa would increase 54 to 55% and 40 to 60% by 2030, respectively. Total fertilizers consumption
in North & Central America would see an increase of 39.4% by 2030, and in South America and Oceania it would increase by 30.9
and 64.7%, respectively. By 2030, Caribbean’s consumption for total fertilizers would increase 2.8%. Europe’s total fertilizers
consumption was forecast to continuously decline and would have a decrease of 2.4% by 2030. Annual relative growths of consumption
of total fertilizers, nitrogenous fertilizers, phosphate fertilizers, and potash fertilizers for the world, Africa, Asia,
and South America were forecast to decrease in the forecast period. For North & Central America, annual relative growths of
consumption of total fertilizers and nitrogenous fertilizers would decrease and the others would increase annually by 2030.
Annual relative growths of consumption of total fertilizers, phosphate fertilizers, and potash fertilizers for Oceania were
forecast to rise annually by 2030. Europe’s annual relative growths of consumption of total fertilizers and potash fertilizers
would decrease in the future. 相似文献
43.
Wenjun Z 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》2007,125(1-3):301-312
Our world is largely dependent upon the forestry productions. Through the exploitation of forest reserves, we manufacture
various industrial products, furniture, and obtain fuel and energy. Forestry productions should be conducted without large-scale
deforestation and environmental degradation. In present study we perform a review and forecast analysis on forestry productions
worldwide, with the objectives of providing an insight into the trend for several types of forestry productions in the future,
and providing referential data for sustainable forestry productions and environmental management. Polynomial functions are
used to fit trajectories of forestry productions since 1961 and forecasts during the coming 20 years are given in detail.
If the past pattern continues, world fibreboard production would dramatically grow and reach 224,300,000 ± 44,400,000 m3 by the year 2020, an increase up to 240.7 to 408.9% as compared to the present level. Roundwood production of the world would
change by −55.5 to 70.4% and reach 3,526,600,000 ± 2,066,800,000 m3 by 2020. In 2020 world production of sawlogs and veneer logs would change by −100 to 164.6% and reach 1,212,900,000 ± 1,242,600,000 m3. Global wood fuel production would change by −68.9 to 1.4% and reach 1,130,900,000 ± 600,800,000 m3 by 2020. Forestry productions in developed countries would largely surpass productions in developing countries in the near
future. World forestry production grew since 1961 excluding wood fuel. Roundwood and wood fuel account for the critical proportions
in the forestry productions. Wood fuel production has being declined and rapid growing of roundwood production has slowed
in recent years. Widespread use of regenerative wood substitutes and worldwide afforestation against deforestation will be
among the most effective ways to reduce deforestation and environment degradation associated with forestry productions. 相似文献
44.
Philip M. Fearnside 《Environmental management》1997,21(4):553-570
45.
The right to eat and to an adequate standard of living for everyone motivates agricultural research assistance to developing countries with the primary objective of assuring sufficient food supply. This article focuses on aspects of food production and related agricultural research with specific examples from animal production. It discusses ethics of agricultural research in light of the utilitarian theory and compares livestock production in developing and developed countries. Major reasons for low outputs of animal production in developing countries are identified, and the potential for increasing the productivity of original, extensive production systems is evaluated. The article reviews the current status of biotechnology in developing countries and discusses several advanced animal technologies. The conclusions emphasize the need to involve local professionals in all phases of research and technology transfer in developing countries, avoidance of research that may worsen the situation of the recipients, sustainability of production systems, and the need for detailed assessment of potential impacts of technology on recipients. 相似文献
46.
The necessity of compensating people negatively affected by conservation and other development projects has been widely acknowledged. It is less widely acknowledged that because conventional compensation assessments focus on material resources and their economic equivalents, many important losses incurred by resettlers are invisible to project authorities. Through ethnographic observations and interviews, we documented losses identified by people facing resettlement from Mozambique's Limpopo National Park. We also examined resettlement planning documents to determine why decision makers’ assessments of natural resource use and value neglect losses residents identified as critical. Identifying, preventing, and mitigating invisible losses in resettlement planning necessitates a better understanding of intangible benefits residents derive from resources, which are often as or more important than their readily apparent material properties. These benefits include but are not limited to decision‐making authority linked to owning land versus having the use of fields; ancestral identity and social belonging linked to gravesites; the importance of tree roots that provide a powerful sense of security because they suppress hunger in periods of scarcity; and the importance of people's location within social networks and hierarchies as they determine the benefits versus risks that will be incurred through resettlement. Pérdidas Invisibles y la Lógica de la Compensación de Repoblación 相似文献
47.
农业灌溉工程建设是我国第十二个五年规划纲要中提出的全面加强农田水利建设工作的重要组成部分。随着越来越多农业灌溉项目的兴建及我国环境影响评价制度的发展,农业灌溉项目的环境影响评价也在不断发展和完善中。本文根据世行贷款项目——中国四川武都农业灌溉项目环境影响评价实践和工作经验,分析总结了世界银行及我国在农业灌溉项目环境影响评价工作方面的特点和要求,其中世界银行在有些方面,如评价等级、公众参与等与国内环评要求基本一致,而有些方面,如回顾性评价、替代方案分析、累积性影响分析、环境管理计划、移民安置行动计划、病虫害管理计划等在国内环境影响评价中尚未引起足够的关注或与世界银行要求存在较大差异,值得我国环评工作参考和借鉴。 相似文献
48.
针对中国2010年上海世博会可能发生的各类突发环境事故,提出应集成运用数据库、GIS、数学模型、专家系统等多种技术手段,特别是提出采用CBR技术,开发世博会突发环境事故应急预案系统。以提高世博会运行管理时期对各类突发环境事故的预防和处理处置能力;指出环境事故应急预案的主要研究工作应包括应急预案的种类、内容、支撑技术体系,以及应急预案系统的规划、建设与运行管理等;给出了需要解决的关键技术问题和系统开发方案。 相似文献
49.
Media influence public awareness through agenda setting and framing of news by selecting what is published, how frequently and through what frames. This content analysis compares portrayals of climate change based on political ideology of the media. It examines daily coverage of climate change in Santiago, Chile by the conservative, El Mercurio, newspaper, and the liberal, La Nación. Twenty percent of the 1,628 articles published in 2003, 2005, and 2007 which included the words “cambio climático” (climate change) or “calentamiento global” (global warming) were analyzed for frequency, content, images, and frames. The liberal newspaper published twice as many articles that were twice as long, with four times as many illustrations about climate change. They presented more thematic and diverse frames than the conservative newspaper. Government sources and conflict frames dominated both newspapers, reflecting some similar maturation processes of climate change coverage found in Europe, the United States, and elsewhere. 相似文献
50.
《Environmental Communication: A Journal of Nature and Culture》2013,7(2):171-193
Public participation is widely lauded as a way to make environmental decisions more democratic, to improve their quality, and to enhance their legitimacy. Scholars and citizens around the world repeatedly complain, however, that public participation frequently serves primarily as a pro forma exercise to defend predetermined decisions rather than as a meaningful opportunity for the affected public to influence decision-making. These critiques persist despite considerable research suggesting ways to improve the quality of public participation. This essay explores this problem by analyzing citizen involvement in the environmental impact assessment (EIA) processes for the Allain Duhangan hydropower project in northern India. It describes how meaningful public involvement was compromised—despite repeated objections by citizens and independent consultants—by four communication practices: (1) failing to provide adequate access to information; (2) predetermining EIA outcomes by controlling the definition of issues (“definitional hegemony”); (3) privileging scientific/technical discourse; (4) utilizing “consultative” forms of communication that promote one-way flows of information rather than more interactive forms that encourage the joint construction of information and values. This study further argues that these practices persist because they serve as acts of power that privilege dominant actors and interests in the larger socio-political context. This analysis thus suggests that altering communication practices that compromise the quality of public participation may require attending to the interaction between communication practices, relations of power, and the larger socio-political context in which public participation takes place. 相似文献