减灾与可持续发展模式--从第二次世界减灾大会看中国减灾战略的调整

简要介绍了2005年1月17日-22日在日本神户召开的世界减灾大会的基本内容,并着重论述了当前国际减灾领域的重要进展和发展趋向,就减灾与可持续发展作了系统的论证,提出了我国减灾领域近期发展的主要方向.从世界减灾大会的各项议程和各类论坛可以看出,未来世界减灾的战略可以概括如下:加强减灾能力建设是促进区域可持续发展的核心任务,全面推进社区减灾体系的建设是实现未来10年减灾目标的关键任务;建立与灾害风险共存的经济与社会体系,必须把减灾与区域发展有机地整合起来,寻求除害与兴利并举的可持续发展模式,建设接受一定风险水平的安全社区体系;重视包括全球气候变化、经济全球化、世界城镇化等自然与人文过程引发或孕育的新的灾害风险;建立满足区域减灾目标需要的预警系统,加强减灾信息共享,充分利用现有的减灾资源.针对国际减灾发展趋向,提出了中国减灾战略调整的建议,即实施"区域减灾"、"综合减灾"、"科教减灾"、"提高区域减灾能力"和"加强减灾科技能力建设".     

基于中国出口产品在国际贸易摩擦中的风险研究

进入21世纪以来,国际贸易摩擦已成为各国经济发展中难以避免的问题,随着中国在国际贸易领域中的迅速发展,中国与其他国家的贸易摩擦也不断出现,为此所承担的风险也越来越大。笔者对中国在国际贸易中出现的摩擦的表象成因进行了认真、深刻的分析,从8个方面提出了中国防范国际贸易摩擦风险的对策:行使世贸组织赋予的权利,处理多种贸易纠纷;完善我国对外贸易法律体制,建立合乎国际惯例的贸易救济体系;建立产业投资损害预警机制,减少因盲目投资带来的风险损失;加大技术开发力度,促进产业升级与产品档次的提高;转变政府职能,运用国际惯例调控贸易经济;企业练好国际市场竞争的内功,提高防范贸易摩擦风险的能力;强化行业协会职能,协调对内、对外关系;慎重处理好人民币汇率升值与汇率机制问题。同时,就中国出口产品在国际贸易摩擦中应注意的问题,也提出了尽快制定《反垄断法》、积极参与国际多边谈判等4个方面的建议。     

Dilemmas and advances in corporate social responsibility in Brazil. The work of the Ethos Institute

This article discusses the development of corporate social responsibility (CSR) in Brazil from the perspective of the Ethos Institute of Business and Social Responsibility. The Institute is a not‐for‐profit, non‐governmental organization, that has played a leading role in the Brazilian CSR effort. In Brazil, CSR initiatives have a long tradition of philanthropy, a consequence of the country's great social inequalities. The increased attention to corporate social responsibility has paralleled growing concern about sustainable development and the intensifying activities of pressure groups (consumers, customers, investors, NGOs, labour unions, the media, among others) that have been increasing since the 1990s as natural resources are progressively becoming exhausted, social tensions rising and environmental conditions deteriorating worldwide. This article identifies problems and obstacles to the growth of corporate social responsibility in Brazil, as well as advances and alternatives for CSR and towards creating conditions for the country to be internationally competitive and sustainable in the financial, social and environmental areas.     

中国加入WTO环保产业面临的机遇与挑战

中国加入世界贸易组织（ＷＴＯ）意味着中国将与世界上１３５个国家相互开放市场，对中国的环境保护、环保产业将来产生何种影响，文章进行了分析与阐述。总的结论是：机遇是主要的且具有深远意义；挑战是现实的且又不可回避。     

绿色贸易壁垒与农业生态环境保护

概述了世界贸易组织有关绿色贸易壁垒的原则和规则。阐述了欧盟的有关农产品质量标准和农产品标准的管理法规。分析了绿色贸易壁垒对我国农业结构战略性调整带来的影响以及对农业生态环境建设所提出的要求。最后，提出了我国克服绿色贸易壁垒的措施和手段。     

A review of the military approach to urban environmental deterioration in Nigeria

The concern of this paper is a review of the urban environmental degradation and the current approach by the military (environmental task force) in solving the problem. It is based on the experience of a few states in Nigeria. The paper proposes a comprehensive urban planning approach which should be integrated with an awareness campaign.     

Adaptation of local building materials — a key to rapid housing development in Nigeria

There are some experts who are dealing with research on locally made materials for building in the Ministry of Housing and Works in Nigeria. It has been discovered in the Ministry that lateriate clays can be fired and used for building even two‐storey buildings depending on the firing and the pressure (Ogunbamwo, 1975). The Ministry has constructed a block of bungalows of low‐cost housing units with mud at Ikoyi, off Kingsway Road. No one will know that these houses are mud houses if not at closer inspection. Unfortunately, no effort has been made to continue or improve on this laudable adventure in Nigeria.     

Mixed land‐use patterns and the development of spatial structure of Nigerian cities

Differences exist in the spatial structure of cities in both the developed and developing world owing to the contradistinctive nature of their urban growth processes. The structure of Nigerian cities is characterised by the preponderance of mixed land uses resulting primarily due to the organic nature of city growth and more fundamentally, owing to the dynamics of informal urban economic activities. This paper examines mixed land‐use patterns in selected Nigerian cities and appraises their relevance in the general city growth process. By suggesting principles and speculative spatial patterns expressing desirable use combinations, an attempt is made to rationalise the utility of the concept such that its environmental impact is understood and given planning resolution.     

Assessing representativeness of places for conservation reservation and heritage listing

Problems arising from application of the representative criterion for conservation and natural heritage evaluation are discussed. An ecological basis to this criterion is suggested that focuses on those key environmental factors dominating biotic response. A methodology is proposed that utilizes computer-based methods of establishing and interrogating spatial data bases (geographic information systems), environmental modeling, and numeric analysis. An example is presented illustrating some of the advantages and limitations of classification and dimension reduction techniques in both defining bioenvironments and displaying their spatial distribution. The advantages of this method for representativeness evaluation are that it maximizes the utility of available data, is explicit and repeatable, and enables large areas to be analyzed at relatively fine scales.     

Kosovo-Konflikt: ?kologische Auswirkungen

Zusammenfassung  Der WWF (World Wide Fund for Nature), Initiator und Tr?ger des Donau-Karpaten-Programms, besch?ftigt sich seit Beginn des Kosovo-Konfliktes mit den Auswirkungen der kriegerischen Auseinandersetzungen auf Natur und Mensch und versucht, die Welt?ffentiichkeit entsprechend zu informieren. Ende Juli 1999 hat der WWF International eine Mission, bestehend aus unabh?ngigen Toxikologinnen und ?lexperten, an die Donau entsandt. Unter der Leitung von Philip Weller, dem Direktor des WWF Donau-Karpaten-Programms, wurden drei Tag lang Industriekomplexe besichtigt und Gespr?che mit Betroffenen geführt. Die Reise führte das Team nach Panćevo und Novi Sad, und damit zu den Schwerpunkten der zerst?rten Chemie- und Petrochemischen Komplexe. In den betroffenen Werken, HIP AZOTARA, Panćevo und NIS ?lraffinerie, Novi Sad wurde das Team von den jeweiligen Werkleitern geführt. Gespr?che fanden statt mit dem Bürgermeister von Panćevo und Vertretern des Gesundheitsamtes in Belgrad. Es war dem Team m?glich, Boden- und Wasserproben zu nehmen und zu analysieren. Damit liegen den Autoren unabh?ngige Analysenergebnisse vor, die es gestatten, eine erste, orientierende Einsch?tzung der Kontaminationen vorzunehmen.