基于变异性范围法（RVA）的河流生态流量估算

河流生态系统的生物组成、结构和功能依赖于河流水流的天然动态变化特征,即河流水文情势。变异性范围法（Range of Variability Approach,RAV）被广泛应用于评估河流生态系统是否得到维护。将RVA法的思路扩展到生态流量的计算,提出了一种简便、立足整体河流水文情势的生态流量估算方法。该方法使用均值与RVA阈值差计算了生态流量值,为维持河流健康生态系统提供支持。将该方法应用于南水北调西线一期工程中泥曲河的生态流量估算,得到引水坝址仁达处年可调径流量为6.44亿m3,与其他生态需水估算方法的结论基本一致。另提出了可支配系数反映河流流量可调用状况。南水北调西线一期工程计划从泥曲调水8亿m3·a-1,从RVA法的理念来看,该方案对仁达至朱巴河段的生态系统将构成威胁,需谨慎实施。     

树脂包衣肥料残膜对土壤植物的影响及光降解膜肥料的研制

通过盆栽强化试验研究了树脂包衣肥料残膜对土壤容重及作物生长及土壤外观的影响;研究了光降解残膜在自然光下的降解;并探讨了残膜在土壤中的降解与积累模式。结果表明,土壤中残膜含量在0.1%~0.2%范围内时,对作物生长没有负面影响,甚至随着积累量的增加,还有增加作物产量的倾向,但随着土壤中残膜量的增加,对土壤外观有一定影响。添加光降解剂可以显著加快残膜的降解。由于降解现象的存在,残膜在土壤中的量不会无限制增加,而是呈抛物线型积累。残膜在表层土壤中积累的最大量不会超过某一临界值,该值的大小由每年包衣肥料的施用量、残膜露出土表的比例及降解量、损失量决定。     

六价铬在具有渗透性反应墙的渗流槽中迁移实验研究

地下水中六价铬的污染修复是目前地下水污染修复研究的热点课题之一。以室内模拟为基础,进行了六价铬[Cr（Ⅵ）]随水流迁移的渗流槽实验,以及利用课题组研发的新型壳聚糖材料填充渗透性反应墙（PRB）,进行六价铬吸附试验研究。结果表明：在重金属迁移实验中,地下水的流速是影响Cr（Ⅵ）在含水层中迁移的主要因素,含水层介质的变化都会对Cr（Ⅵ）的迁移发生重要的影响。实验过程中,从进水口到出水口各个取样点依次出现Cr（Ⅵ）的质量浓度峰值,并且随着时间的延长,质量浓度峰值没有减少的趋势,证明了Cr（Ⅵ）在含水介质中基本上没有吸附。Cr（Ⅵ）的质量浓度峰值在含水介质中的持续时间不长,由于弥散作用造成了在相当长的时间内的较明显的拖尾现象。模拟渗透性反应墙的实验中,在同样的流速条件下,Cr（Ⅵ）的质量浓度峰值的出现时间相对先前的实验有明显滞后,并且质量浓度也有明显的减少,说明新型壳聚糖材料对Cr（Ⅵ）有较高的吸附作用,再达到质量浓度的峰值后,墙体后面的采样口中Cr（Ⅵ）的质量浓度减少的更为平缓,说明随着水流的流动,吸附在壳聚糖材料上的Cr（Ⅵ）有缓慢的析出。     

HAZOP在煤矿通风系统安全风险分析中的应用

HAZOP是一种基于“引导词”的、由各专业人员组成的分析小组通过一系列的分析会议来完成的,对系统工艺或操作过程中存在可能导致风险的各种偏差的一种系统化识别的定性分析方法。为提高煤矿通风系统安全风险分析效果,将HAZOP分析方法应用于煤矿通风系统中。通过对煤矿通风系统进行分析,证实了HAZOP分析方法在煤矿通风系统应用的可能性和充分性。分析结果不仅反映出了导致煤矿通风安全风险（或通风安全事故）的人的不安全行为和物的不安全状态等现场因素,而且还评审出煤矿通风系统的设计和管理缺陷,为煤矿如何更好的管理通风系统提供了有力依据。     

基于GLM模糊评价在煤矿安全中的应用

煤矿安全评价是现代绿色矿山建设的主要指标之一。为对煤矿安全进行有效的评价,综合分析影响煤矿安全的人员因素、地质因素、技术设备因素、环境因素等各项指标。应用广义线性理论和SAS统计分析方法,建立基于GLM模糊评价模型。通过计算各项指标对应等级的煤矿安全影响权重〖AKω- ij,结合模糊综合评价方法得出煤矿的安全生产状况,同时通过优势比分析各指标的敏感性因子,得出防范指标危险性的有效措施。研究表明:该模型依据标准整理数据,操作性强,较准确地得出煤矿安全的状况,为煤矿的安全评价和管理决策提供依据。     

Color removal efficiency of dyes using nanozerovalent iron treatment

In this study, zerovalent iron nanoparticles (Fe⁰) were synthesized by chemical reduction method using ferric chloride hexahydrate (FeCl₃?·?6H₂O) as a starting material. Sodium borohydride (NaBH₄) was used as a reducer. The synthesized nanozerovalent iron (NZVI) was separated using magnets. The X-ray diffraction pattern of iron (Fe) nanoparticles showed that the presence of intensive diffraction peak at 2θ value of 45.33° from the lattice plane of face-centered cubic Fe unequivocally indicates that the particles are made of pure Fe. The size of the synthesized NZVI was found to be 16.64?nm. The scanning electron micrograph revealed that the particles have a hexagonal and spherical shape in nature. EDX showed the surface atomic distribution and chemical composition of NZVI. The decolorization efficiency rose with increasing concentration of nanoparticles as well as with time. Maximal color removal efficiency was 90.72% when using 0.5?g/100?mL Fe nanoparticle for acridine orange. Data revealed that the function of NZVI on color removal efficiency was statistically significant. The correlation coefficient between NZVI concentration and time showed a strong negative correlation for dyes used in the experiment.     

苯并（a）芘对罗非鱼（GIFT Oreochromis niloticus）肝细胞DNA损伤的影响

苯并（a）芘（Benzo（a）pyrene,BaP）是一种含有5个苯环的多环芳烃,是环境中广泛存在的一类有机污染物,苯并（a）芘可引起多种形式的DNA损伤。彗星试验,又称为单细胞凝胶电泳（Single Cell Gel Electrophoresis,SCGE）,是一项灵敏、快速的在单细胞水平检测DNA链断裂的技术,已经广泛应用于水环境的生物监测中。污染物的毒性监测与评估一直是环境科学研究的热点问题之一。本文通过生态毒理学试验,利用单细胞凝胶电泳技术,研究不同浓度苯并（a）芘暴露对罗非鱼（GIFT Oreochromis niloticus）肝细胞DNA的损伤情况。试验将罗非鱼在0.1、1、10、50μg·L-14个苯并（a）芘（BaP）浓度下分别暴露4、7、14 d,利用彗星试验研究BaP对罗非鱼肝细胞DNA的损伤情况,以尾部DNA含量、尾长、尾矩及Olive尾矩为评价指标,结果表明,BaP会对肝细胞DNA造成不同程度的损伤：在0.1、1、10μg·L-13个浓度组,DNA损伤随着BaP暴露浓度的增加而增加,呈现一定的剂量效应关系,50μg·L-1组DNA损伤有所下降。在时间上,除1μg·L-1剂量组的尾部DNA含量、10μg·L-1组的尾部DNA含量及Olive尾矩外,其他指标有在第7天降低之后又升高的趋势,这意味着肝细胞DNA损伤可在一定程度上反映水体中BaP的污染情况。该实验为进一步探讨苯并（a）芘的致癌机制及环境中苯并（a）芘的监测提供一定的科学依据。     

End-of-pipe or process-integrated： evidence from LMDI decomposition of China＇s SO2 emission density reduction

In this study, reduction in sulfur dioxide （SO2） emission is decomposed into three parts： source preven- tion, process control and end-of-pipe treatment, using the Logarithmic Mean Divisia Index method （LMDI）. Source prevention and process control are defined as process- integrated treatment. It is found that from 2001 to 2010 the reduction of SO2 emission density in China was mainly contributed by end-of-pipe treatment. From the 10th Five Year Plan （FYP） period （2001-2005） to the llth FYP period （2006-2010）, the Chinese government has attempted to enhance process-integrated treatment. How- ever, given its initial effort, the effect is limited compared with that of the end-of-pipe treatment. The effectiveness of environmental regulation and technology in the reduction of SO2 density in 30 provinces （municipality/autonomous regions） from 2001 to 2010 is also investigated. This implies that environmental regulation and technology promote process control and end-of-pipe treatment sig- nificantly, but does not influence source prevention. Furthermore, environmental technology will only take effect under the circumstances of stringent environmental regulation. Therefore, to fulfill the whole process treat- ment, environmental regulation should be strengthened and environmental technology upgraded at the same time.     

Effects of shear force on formation and properties of anoxic granular sludge in SBR

This paper reports the effects of shear force on anoxic granular sludge in sequencing batch reactors （SBR）. The study was carried out in two SBRs （SBR1 and SBR2） in which sodium acetate （200mg COD·L^-1） was used as the sole substrate and sodium nitrate （40 mgNO3-N·L^-1） was employed as the electron acceptor. The preliminary objective of this study was to cultivate anoxic granules in the SBR in order to investigate the effects of shear force on the formation of anoxic granular sludge and to compare the properties of anoxic sludge in the SBR. This study reports new results for the values of average velocity gradient, a measure of the applied shear force, which was varied in the two SBRs （3.79 s^-1 and 9.76 s^-1 for SBR1 and SBR2 respectively）. The important findings of this research highlight the dual effects of shear force on anoxic granules. A low shear force can produce large anoxic granules with high activity and poor settling ability, whereas higher shear forces produce smaller granules with better settling ability and lower activity. The results of this study show that the anoxic granulation is closely related to the strength of the shear force. For high shear force, this research demonstrated that： 1） granules with smaller diameters, high density and good settling ability were formed in the reactor, and 2） granular sludge formed faster than it did in the low shear force reactor （41days versus 76 days）. Once a steady-state has been achieved, the nitrate and COD removal rates were found to be 98% and 80%, respectively. For low shear force, such as was applied in SBR1, this research demonstrated that： 1） the activity of anoxic granular sludge in low shear force was higher than that in high shear force, 2） higher amount of soluble microbial products （SMPs） were produced, and 3） large pores were observed inside the larger granules,which are beneficial for nitrogen gas diffusion. Electron microscopic examination of the anoxic granules in both reactors showed that the morphology of the granules was ellipsoidal with a clear outline. Coccus and rod-shaped bacteria were wrapped by filamentous bacteria on the surface of granule.     

森林土壤氧化（吸收）甲烷研究进展

甲烷是一种重要的温室气体,对全球气候变暖的贡献仅次于CO2,约为25%。大气甲烷可以被土壤中甲烷氧化细菌在有氧条件下吸收利用,陆地生态系统森林土壤氧化吸收甲烷的研究已有大量报道。甲烷氧化菌是以甲烷作为唯一的碳源和能源的一类细菌的总称。但森林土壤在全球甲烷核算中具有一定的不确定性,取决于产甲烷菌和甲烷氧化菌的相对活性。甲烷氧化菌的研究集中在环境对氧化能力的影响和自身氧化能力上。大气甲烷氧化过程为高氧化能力低亲力氧化,受到一些因子,如土壤温度、土壤通气状况、pH、氮肥等的影响,具体机理的研究还有待进一步深入。土壤通气状况受土壤质地与土壤水分影响,土地利用类型可能改变土壤容重、土壤结构和土壤水分,进而影响土壤甲烷氧化。植物可以通过自身对生境的作用或化感作用影响土壤甲烷氧化。土壤动物的研究则相对较少,目前排放清单中仅有白蚁是全球甲烷核算所包括的。从甲烷氧化菌的分类出发,对甲烷氧化菌氧化甲烷的机理、菌的生态分布及甲烷氧化的影响因素、时空异质性、观测方法等作出了综述,为正确认识和准确预测森林土壤在一定气候和土地利用类型条件下的甲烷氧化强度提供理论依据。