宁波市春节期间水溶性离子污染来源和特征分析

利用在线气体及气溶胶检测系统对宁波市春节期间痕量气体和水溶性离子组分进行观测,结合气象要素,分析研究细颗粒物中水溶性离子污染来源和组分特征.观测期间ρ(PM2.5)平均值为33.1 μg·m-3,存在轻度污染.水溶性离子浓度大小排序为:NO3-＞SO42-＞NH4+＞K+＞Cl-＞Na+＞Ca2+＞Mg2+,二次无机离...     

江苏省春季臭氧污染特征分析

对2018—2020年春季江苏省臭氧(O3)污染特征进行了分析.结果表明,江苏省ρ(O3)均超过二级标准限值,分别超出5.6％,11.3％和8.8％,沿江区域ρ(O3)略高于苏北区域;ρ(O3-1 h)日变化呈"单峰型",峰值呈逐年上升趋势,非污染日苏北区域ρ(O3-1 h)均高于沿江区域,主要时间段体现在夜间至次日早...     

春运对广州火车站周边环境噪声的影响研究

在广州火车站及其周边不同功能区设8个监测点,利用AWA6291+A型噪声频谱分析仪测量了春运期间和非春运期间不同功能区的环境噪声水平.结果表明,春运对广州火车站及周边环境噪声影响较大;远离主要交通干道及火车站的小区和公园噪声比较低;测点的噪声值与其所处位置的交通流量和人为活动有关.     

A population model for the peach fruit moth, Carposina sasakii Matsumura (Lepidoptera: Carposinidae), in a Korean orchard system

A population model for the peach fruit moth, Carposina sasakii Matsumura, was constructed to understand the population dynamics of this pest species and to develop an effective management strategy for various orchard (apple, peach, apple + peach) systems. The model was structured by the five developmental stages of C. sasakii: egg, larva, pupa, larval-cocoon (overwintering larva), and adult. The model consisted of a series of component models: (1) a bimodal spring adult emergence model, (2) an adult oviposition model, (3) stage emergence models of eggs, larvae, and pupae, (4) a larval survival rate model in fruits, (5) a larval-cocoon formation model, and (6) an insecticide effect model. Simulations using the model described the typical patterns of C. sasakii adult abundance in various orchard systems well, and was specific to the composition of host plants: three adult abundance peaks (first peak, mid-season peak, and last peak) a year with decreased peaks after the first peak in monoculture orchards of late apple, two adult peaks a year with a much higher last peak in monoculture orchards of early peach, and three adult peaks a year with much higher later peaks in mixed orchards of late apple and early peach. The average deviation between model outputs and actual records for first and second adult peak dates was 2.8 and 3.9 d, respectively, in simulations without an insecticide effect. The deviation decreased when insecticide effects were incorporated into the model. We also performed a sensitivity analysis of our model, and suggest possible applications of the model.     

北京市传统春节假期空气质量特征研究

利用2013～2020年北京市传统春节假期期间主要污染物浓度?PM2.5主要离子组分浓度及气象数据,研究近年烟花爆竹集中燃放对北京市空气质量的影响.结果表明,自2018年北京市加强对烟花爆竹燃放的管控后,空气质量显著改善,其中2019年传统春节假期中共7个优良天,占比达87.5％,且未出现中度及以上级别污染天;近3年除...     

Spatial disaggregation of traffic emission inventories in large cities using simplified top–down methods

Simple, inexpensive and accurate methods for assessing the spatial distribution of traffic emissions are badly needed for the environmental management in South American cities. In this study, various spatial disaggregation methods of traffic emissions of carbon monoxide are presented and evaluated for a large city (Santiago de Chile). Previous methods have used a simplified road network as a proxy for deriving spatial patterns of emissions. However, these approaches resulted in underestimation of emissions in urban centers, industrial zones and highly loaded roads, as well as overestimation in residential zones. Here we modify these methods by adding data correlated with the emissions (e.g. traffic counts, vehicles mean speed, road capacity) solving partially or completely the indicated problems. After an accuracy-simplicity analysis two methodologies stand out over the others: using traffic count classification and using a land use map, both combined with a simplified road network. Both are top–down approaches that correlate well (0.9) with the reference emissions and capture emission peaks (within 30% relative error). Hence the proposed changes allow an improved balance between accuracy and costs (monetary, availability of data and time to obtain data).     

The influence of hot particle contamination on Sr and Cs transfers to milk and on time-integrated ingestion doses

Most models for transfers of radionuclides through the food chain typically assume that the radioactivity is initially deposited in chemically available forms. It is known, however, that releases of radionuclides in the form of hot particles may significantly influence their environmental transfers and uptake to the food chain. This study presents models for time changes in ⁹⁰Sr and ¹³⁷Cs in milk which incorporate hot particle contamination using observed rates of hot particle dissolution following the Chernobyl accident. A general equation is presented for the influence of hot particles on overall ingestion doses. As expected from previous work, fallout of hot particles significantly influences time changes in radionuclide activity concentrations in foodstuffs. It is also shown that incorporation of radionuclides in hot particles influences time-integrated ingestion doses. For a situation in which a large proportion (90–100%) of fallout is in slowly dissolving hot particles, time-integrated ingestion doses from ⁹⁰Sr and ¹³⁷Cs are reduced by a factor of approximately two compared to the case where all radioactivity is deposited in bioavailable forms. However, the influence of rapidly dissolving hot particles on time-integrated ingestion doses is relatively minor. Remaining significant uncertainties in dose estimates are discussed.     

以浮游植物评价太湖春季水质污染及富营养化

通过太湖浮游植物群落生态学的研究 ,对太湖春季水质污染及富营养化进行总评及分区评价。就太湖总体而论 ,藻量均值达 2 88× 1 0 6个细胞 /L ,硅藻指数 1 1 0 ,污染指示种占 58 8% ,各样点多以蓝藻 (微囊藻为主 )占优势 ,其分布频度达 1 0 0 % ,多度达 6 5 5% ,表明太湖受到中等程度的污染。与过去同期太湖浮游植物的调查资料对比表明人为富营养化进程有所减缓。     

北京市春节期间大气污染分析

分析了北京市鞭炮燃放禁改限前禁放区和非禁放区除夕夜大气污染变化规律的明显差异,以及禁改限后,以上区域大气污染变化的趋同特点.同时评估了2000～2006年春节期间空气污染状况.结果表明,大量鞭炮的集中燃放造成了大气短时严重污染,但随鞭炮燃放的减少,污染状况迅速改善.燃放鞭炮对不同大气污染物的影响存在差异,PM₁₀污染最严重;SO₂、Nox浓度也有明显升高;CO则存在一定滞后,甚至没有明显响应.禁改限前非禁放区内存在明显的燃放污染高峰,禁放区则未出现.鞭炮燃放对大气颗粒物细粒子影响最显着,对粗粒子特别是粒径10～20μm之间的颗粒物影响不大.春节期间工业及交通污染排放的减少,导致空气质量好转,2000～2006年正月初一～正月十五PM₁₀浓度比冬季均值(12月～2月)低16%,比年均浓度低20%,但受一定气象条件影响.     

贵阳市黔灵山泉水中26种元素的分析和评价

为考察饮用贵阳市黔灵山泉水是否对人体有益,使用ICP-MS(电感耦合等离子体质谱)对泉水中锂、铍、硼、铝、钛、钒、铬、锰、铁、钴、镍、铜、锌、镓、砷、硒、锶、钼、银、镉、锑、铯、钡、铊、铅和铀26种元素的含量进行了分析,并取自来水和市售瓶装水进行对比。结果表明:黔灵山泉水中元素含量符合国家对饮用水的要求,但其所提供的人体所需微量元素的含量与自来水和瓶装水相比并无明显优势。由于泉水不属于常规水源未对其进行日常监管,如果将黔灵山泉水作为饮用水源无明显益处,并存在一定风险。