以青奥会为契机南京城市环境问题调查与对策

围绕南京城市环境主要问题对国际访客和南京市民进行调查,分别发放186和205份问卷,其中有效问卷为178和200份,回收率分别为95.7%和97.6%,使用拟合优度方法检验。结果表明,国际访客对南京城市环境的满意度明显低于南京市民;国际访客对旅游区环境更看重;两者都认为视觉环境中的户外广告、城市绿化和城市扬尘是南京主要城市环境问题,而政府和普通市民是最应该对南京城市环境问题负责的群体,但南京市民更倾向把环保问题推给政府。围绕调查问卷中所反映的3大主要环境问题,本研究还对北京、新加坡、美国加利福尼亚州等国内外先进地区进行案例分析和经验总结,可为解决南京城市环境问题提供新的思路。     

Antecedents of injury among youth in agricultural settings: a longitudinal examination of safety consciousness,dangerous risk taking,and safety knowledge

PROBLEM: Injuries are the leading cause of death for adolescents in the United States. METHODS: This study longitudinally examined three psychological mediators of injury among 3,081 youths in agricultural settings: (a) safety consciousness, (b) dangerous risk taking, and (c) safety knowledge. These variables are examined within a nomological network of contextual variables. RESULTS: Cross-sectional results revealed that safety consciousness and dangerous risk taking were the strongest predictors of reported injury at Time 1 and Time 2. Safety knowledge had an unexpected negative association with injury, albeit weak. As predicted, participating in safety activities was positively associated with safety consciousness, and time spent working was strongly associated with safety knowledge. Furthermore, self-esteem had both positive and negative safety outcomes, suggesting a more complex functioning. Males exhibited fewer safety cognitions than females as predicted. Longitudinal data also revealed that injury at Time 1 and dangerous risk taking were the strongest predictors of Time 2 injury. IMPACT ON INDUSTRY: Results from this study emphasize the importance of assessing dangerous risk-taking perceptions when attempting to predict future injuries.     

Testing the validity of a critical sulfur and nitrogen load model in southern Ontario, Canada, using soil chemistry data from MARYP

The validity of a steady-state massbalance model (Arp et al., 1996; referred to asARP) was tested using physicochemical soil data fromthe Monitoring Acid Rain Youth Program (MARYP). FourARP sites were matched with ten MARYP sites accordingto proximity, bedrock type and subsoil pH to test thevalidity of the ARP model for critical loadexceedances. Soil solution pH, base concentration andAl concentration from MARYP sites, which were wellmatched to ARP sites, validated the modelled criticalload exceedances. Higher exceedance areas wereassociated with more acidic pH and lower base andhigher Al concentrations from matched MARYP sites andvice versa. One ARP site was inappropriately matchedwith MARYP sites and could not be validated using baseand Al concentrations. This study also confirmed thesouthern limit of the zero critical load exceedanceisopleth from the model. However, variability of theother exceedance isopleths was noted due to thelimited number of sites used in the model. Thevalidation of these sites in the ARP model and thezero critical load exceedance isopleth nonethelessallows greater confidence in using this model as amanagement tool for acidic deposition.     

南京及周边区域亚青期间大气监控预警走航观测研究

2013年8月,为了解亚青会期间南京及周边地区大气污染物的来源、时空分布和输送规律,江苏省环境监测中心联合中科院大气物理所等15家单位,开展了为期一个月的夏季联合观测,监测区域覆盖江苏沿江8市以及安徽部分地区。该次联合观测,江苏首次利用空气质量数值预报模式指导开展走航观测,实现了动静、水平与垂直相结合的立体式巡航观测,并初步揭示了现阶段江苏省大气污染主要特征,观测结果直接服务于亚青空气质量会商,为保障南京市空气质量提供技术支撑,同时为2014青奥会空气质量保障积累经验。     

基于在线监测数据的青奥会废气重点污染源临时管控效果评估

简述了南京市废气重点污染源在线监测系统的组成和工作原理。根据2014年南京青奥会废气重点污染源环境临时管控要求,利用在线监控点位对7月份(青奥会前)和8月份(青奥会期间)重点废气污染源在线监测数据进行了统计分析。结果表明,青奥会期间南京市管控废气重点污染源的SO2和NOX排放量虽有个别企业出现增加,但整体排放量均有所降低,环境空气中SO2和NOX的平均值也有所降低,基本达到了临时管控要求。     

南京青奥会空气质量保障联合观测分析研究

2014年8月,为做好南京青奥会空气质量保障工作,江苏省环境监测中心联合中科院大气物理所、南京大学等36家单位,开展了为期一个月的空气质量保障联合观测,共获取监测数据5万多个,巡航观测里程超9 000 km,编制预报及分析报告87份,空气质量预报准确率达80%。结果表明,强力管控措施的实施,对缓解空气污染效果显著;通过联合团队观测方式,集中了产、学、研、用的技术优势和科研力量,带动了全省空气质量监测与分析能力的整体提升,为青奥会空气质量保障工作提供了强有力的技术支撑。     

Marketing and alcohol-related traffic fatalities: Impact of alcohol advertising targeting minors

Problem

Alcohol-related youth traffic fatalities continue as a major public-health concern. While state and federal laws can be useful in tackling this problem, the efficacy of many laws has not been empirically demonstrated. We examined the impact of state laws prohibiting alcohol advertising to target minors. Method: Using statistics obtained from the Fatality Analysis Reporting System (FARS), youth alcohol-related, single-vehicle, driver traffic fatalities were compared by state as a function of whether the state has a law prohibiting alcohol advertising that targets minors. Results: Overall, states possessing this law experienced 32.9% fewer of the above specified traffic fatalities. Discussion and Impact on Industry: The results suggest that not only are youth drinking rates affected by alcohol advertisements targeting youth, but also drink-driving behaviors. Indeed, we estimate that if this type of legislation were adopted in the 26 states that do not prohibit targeting of minors with alcohol advertising, then 400 youth lives could be saved annually.