Reconstruction under siege: the Gaza Strip since 2007

This paper examines the siege of the Gaza Strip, a self-governing Palestinian territory, since 2007. Research on sieges tends to concentrate on the coping strategies of besieged communities, humanitarian issues associated with the impacts, humanitarian access, and the prioritisation of needs, with little or no attention paid to reconstruction. However, Gaza is unusual as a siege environment within which reconstruction has become a high priority in the aftermath of its three destructive wars with Israel. Following an overview of research on sieges in contemporary warfare and a brief contextualisation of Gaza, this paper examines why reconstruction outcomes have varied over time through the application of a theoretical framework that stipulates the importance of four key factors: time; needs; scarcity; and political context. Based on an analysis of these variables, Gaza was found to be a most-likely case for reconstruction under siege. Nonetheless, the large-scale reconstruction necessary to transform Gaza has not been actualised.     

市域国土空间格局多维度分解与传导路径

国土空间格局对协调区域保护与开发具有重要保障作用,其基本前提在于厘清国土空间格局内涵并构建科学有效的传导路径。由此提出国土空间格局多维度分解与传导路径研究框架,围绕生态保护、农业生产和城镇建设三个方面开展适宜性评价,基于国土空间潜在冲突识别与调解机制实现国土空间重构,运用区位熵识别优势功能分区,进而构建战略格局,并以东营市为例开展案例研究。研究发现：东营市国土空间适宜性表现为“生态保护重要、农业生产和城镇建设适宜”,潜在冲突以中度为主;国土空间重构包括农业空间、生态空间和城镇空间,地理单元的空间分异和行政单元的面积占比差别明显;优势功能分区包含重要生态功能区、农产品生产区、城市化发展区和弹性发展区,提供了分区分类的差别化管控策略;国土空间保护与开发战略格局包括“一心一屏一廊”的生态保护格局、“一圈两区”的开发利用格局和“两带”的弹性发展格局,树立了可持续国土空间利用的目标引领。研究结果可为新时期国土空间规划编制与实施以及协调区域国土资源有效配置提供有益借鉴。     

基于SCGE的国土空间规划模拟框架CTSPM及其在国土空间安全模拟仿真中的应用

土地利用指标的区域配置与部门配置是我国国土空间规划体系的核心问题。如何在贯彻落实国家意志和中央战略的前提下,根据我国不同类型自然地理区划和经济社会区划的发展实际,特别是根据城镇化格局定型区、发展型城镇化地区和收缩型城镇化地区等三类不同地区的土地利用的实际,充分顾及各级地方政府的发展意愿,优化配置各类用地指标,是本轮国土空间规划不可或缺的首要的基本任务。基于此,建立一个基于空间可计算一般均衡模型（SCGE）的多尺度、多区域、多情景国土空间规划模拟分析框架（CTSPM）,提出该框架在国土空间安全模拟仿真中的实际应用场景,以支持多种国家发展情景和土地指标分配方案下国土空间格局模拟分析,及其经济社会影响和生态环境影响分析,为各地区、各部门之间的土地指标“博弈”提供“辩论”平台,为科学编制国土空间规划以及深度理解国土空间安全的跨区域影响提供分析性框架。     

Climate change adaptation and regional forest planning in southern Yukon,Canada

Recent interest in sustainable forest management planning in the Yukon has coincided with growing public awareness of climate change, providing an opportunity to explore how forestry plans are incorporating climate change. In this paper, the Strategic Forest Management Plans for the Champagne and Aishihik First Nations Traditional Territory (CATT) and the Teslin Tlingit Traditional Territory (TTTT) are examined for evidence of adaptation to climate change. For each plan, management policies and practices that are also recognized as ways to adapt to climate change are identified to provide information on the incremental costs and benefits of additional adaptation efforts. A typology for classifying sustainable forest management plans according to how they address climate change is proposed and applied to the CATT and TTTT plans. This typology, which may be useful to any future retrospective assessments on how successful these or other sustainable forest management plans have been in addressing and managing the risks posed by climate change, consists of a matrix that categorizes plans into one of four types; (1) proactive-direct, (2) proactive-indirect, (3) reactive-direct, and (4) reactive-indirect. Neither of the plans available for the southern Yukon explicitly identifies climate change vulnerabilities and actions that will be taken to reduce those vulnerabilities and manage risks. However, both plans have incorporated some examples of ‘best management practices’ for sustainable forest management that are also consistent with appropriate climate adaptation responses. Even in a jurisdiction facing rapid ecological changes driven by climate change, where there is a relatively high level of awareness of climate change and its implications, forestry planning processes have yet to grapple directly with the risks that climate change may pose to the ability of forest managers to achieve the stated goals and objectives of sustainable forest management plans.

面向二/三维城市形态指标的PM2.5浓度调控模拟

城市形态可影响空气污染的源分布与扩散过程,但如何通过优化城市形态指标缓解城市空气污染一直缺少实用的定量方法与模型.故以长沙市为例,定量分析了二/三维城市形态指标对主城区PM_2.5浓度分布的影响,提出了一种关键因子指标驱动下的城市空气质量优化调控模型（UFR-AQOM）,开展了指标阈值与空气质量目标双约束下的城市PM_2.5浓度情景模拟实验.结果表明,长沙市主城区PM_2.5浓度高值区呈现"一轴两区四节点"的空间格局,商业服务用地与道路交通用地、高斑块密度与高用地容积率网格PM_2.5浓度相对较高.三类城市形态因子指标中,开发强度对城市PM_2.5浓度空间变化的影响程度最大,景观格局、用地功能次之,多因子共同作用比单因子影响更加显著.顾及因子指标贡献差异与交互作用的UFR-AQOM模型可有效用于城市PM_2.5浓度的优化调控模拟（R²=0.65,RMSE=1.40 μg·m^-3）.面向PM_2.5浓度达标约束要求,长沙市主城区宜加强周长面积分维数与斑块密度等景观格局指标的全面管控,同时应考虑对工业占比与水域占比等城市用地功能指标和用地容积率等城市开发强度指标的分区优化调控.研究成果将为面向空气质量改善的国土空间规划指标调控提供决策支持.     

“国土空间”内涵辨析与国土空间规划编制建议

科学辨析“国土空间”概念内涵是推进国土空间规划编制、完善国土空间规划理论的前提。应根据国土空间治理需求变化和学科理论发展需要,及时更新完善对“国土空间”的理解。本刊邀请15位青年学者研讨“国土空间”的概念内涵及国土空间规划编制建议,主要观点如下：（1）国土空间是复杂的人地耦合系统,具有构成要素多元性、时空尺度嵌套性等特征。需要用山水林田湖草沙是一个生命共同体的思维,进行国土空间的综合开发利用与系统修复保护,提出基于自然的空间治理方案。（2）国土空间是“流”所构建的网络空间,是不同利益主体组成的关系空间和为精细化治理服务的可计算领域。需要通过“流空间”进行国土空间的整合,推动区域之间资源和要素的共享,实现协同发展;也需要重视人地关系和人际关系的重构,协调多元主体的利益诉求,实现和谐发展;还需要完善国土空间开发管控的技术手段,平衡国土空间规划中的灵活性与统一性矛盾。（3）国土空间是有温度的空间。需要充分感知国土空间的风险性、适宜性、约束性、可达性,编制“以人民为中心”的国土空间规划,提升国土空间的人文关怀、生态功能和美学价值。（4）国土空间是国土空间规划和空间治理的对象,是具体的海洋空间、乡村空间、文化空间等,具有载体属性、资产属性、权利属性等,需要在国土空间规划中实现资源资产统一管理,彰显其经济价值、社会价值和生态价值,满足高质量发展和高品质生活对国土空间的多样化需求。