沈阳市冬季一次典型大气污染过程特征和成因分析

2013年11月18日~25日沈阳地区出现一次典型空气污染过程。采用单颗粒气溶胶质谱仪(SPAMS),并结合气象条件分析了该次污染的成因和细颗粒物的污染特征。结果表明,不利于污染物扩散的气象条件是重污染发生的主要原因,低空排放的积累可能是造成这次污染的又一重要原因。从细颗粒物成分上看,污染过程中有机碳颗粒占比明显增加,有机物污染较为严重,颗粒物间混合加剧;从来源上看,机动车尾气、工业排放和燃煤的占比较高。     

以GDP-PM2.5达标为约束的东莞大气环境容量及承载力研究

东莞市计划到2017年PM_(2.5)年均浓度达到国家二级标准(35μg·m~(-3)),GDP年均增长率至少不低于7%.面对复合型为特征的PM_(2.5)大气污染,传统的环境容量和承载力计算方法具有局限性.因此,本文基于经济、气象、能源、环境等关键信息,利用系统动力学(SD)建立了GDPPM_(2.5)宏观动态统计模型.考虑到PM_(2.5)年均浓度等统计值本身就是污染物不断生成又不断扩散、沉降达到动态平衡的综合结果.因此,SD模型可不从理化角度去模拟复杂的大气传输和扩散过程,而是通过引入各污染物的比例系数μ,构建转化率η,建立GDP、PM_(2.5)年均浓度、五大污染物(VOCs、SO2、NOx、NH3、一次PM_(2.5))排放量等变量之间的逻辑联系,为分析和预测工作奠定基础.同时,本文梳理了大气环境压力、承载力和容量的定义,强调了三者之间的相互作用、密不可分的动态关系,建设性地提出了度量承载力的11项指标(5个显性、6个隐性).最后,利用模型模拟预测了"综合治理"模式下2012—2020年间以GDP-PM_(2.5)达标为约束的五大污染物的大气环境压力、容量和承载力.结果表明,预计PM_(2.5)浓度达标约在2017年上半年,对应的SO_2、NO_x、VOCs、NH_3、一次PM_(2.5)容量分别为84987、138849、100875、7751、17402 t;承载力隐性部分各项阈值分别为GDP总量7074亿元、新增绿色GDP 737亿元、煤炭2120万t(以标煤计)、石油552万t(以标煤计)、天然气663万t(以标煤计)、新能源630万t(以标煤计);承载力显性部分各阈值(相对于2012年5年累积减排量)分别为SO264271 t、NOx128831 t、VOCs 108337 t、NH34070 t、一次PM_(2.5)35863 t.本研究为东莞市大气减排提供了具体目标和参考数值.     

城市居民血硒含量与健康水平的相关性

采用新极谱法对辽宁省本溪市居民的全血样品进行了硒含量的测定，其中健康人１９８例，血硒含量为１９０．７±４３．４μｇ／Ｌ，男，女各９９例，血硒含量分别为１８７．１×１．３０４μｇ／Ｌ和１８４．１×１．２２７μｇ／Ｌ，病人１８３例，包括血液病，癌症，凡血管疾病，黄疸性肝炎，糖尿病，矽肺。     

基于轴—辐理论的皖江城市带物流网络空间构建

大力发展现代物流业和皖江城市带承接产业转移示范区建设是两大重要国家级战略.首先对轴—辐理论的国内外研究现状进行了总结和归纳,分析了轴—辐网络的结构及其优劣势.其次,设计了物流中心性指数的评价指标体系,运用主成分分析法对皖江城市带的9个地级城市进行物流节点等级划分,根据分析结果的总得分和区位特征确定合肥、芜湖、安庆3个一级物流节点,形成轴三角.分析了各级物流节点间的干线及支线物流通道,构建了皖江城市带轴—辐物流网络空间.     

生态城市规划中人口预测--以昆山市生态城市规划为例

生态城市规划中人口预测对于经济发展预测、各个生态专项规划及制定建设决策都具有重要的借鉴意义。结合昆山生态城市规划实例,分析了昆山人口终极规模,并从人口总量、分布、素质和城市化等方面对昆山不同规划期进行人口预测。     

Managing Birds and Controlling Aircraft in the Kennedy Airport–Jamaica Bay Wildlife Refuge Complex: The Need for Hard Data and Soft Opinions

During the 1980s, the exponential growth of laughing gull (Larus atricilla) colonies, from 15 to about 7600 nests in 1990, in the Jamaica Bay Wildlife Refuge and a correlated increase in the bird-strike rate at nearby John F. Kennedy International Airport (New York City) led to a controversy between wildlife and airport managers over the elimination of the colonies. In this paper, we review data to evaluate if: (1) the colonies have increased the level of risk to the flying public; (2) on-colony population control would reduce the presence of gulls, and subsequently bird strikes, at the airport; and (3) all on-airport management alternatives have been adequately implemented. Since 1979, most (2987, 87%) of the 3444 bird strikes (number of aircraft struck) were actually bird carcasses found near runways (cause of death unknown but assumed to be bird strikes by definition). Of the 457 pilot-reported strikes (mean = 23 ± 6 aircraft/yr, N= 20 years), 78 (17%) involved laughing gulls. Since a gull-shooting program was initiated on airport property in 1991, over 50,000 adult laughing gulls have been killed and the number of reported bird strikes involving laughing gulls has declined from 6.9 ± 2.9 (1983–1990) to 2.6 ± 1.3 (1991–1998) aircraft/yr; nongull reported bird strikes, however, have more than doubled (6.4 ± 2.6, 1983–1990; 14.9 ± 5.1, 1991–1998). We found no evidence to indicate that on-colony management would yield a reduction of bird strikes at Kennedy Airport. Dietary and mark–recapture studies suggest that 60%–90% of the laughing gulls collected on-airport were either failed breeders and/or nonbreeding birds. We argue that the Jamaica Bay laughing gull colonies, the only ones in New York State, should not be managed at least until all on-airport management alternatives have been properly implemented and demonstrated to be ineffective at reducing bird strikes, including habitat alterations and increasing the capability of the bird control unit to eliminate bird flocks on-airport using nonlethal bird dispersal techniques. Because the gull-shooting program may be resulting in a nonsustainable regional population of laughing gulls (>30% decline), we also recommend that attempts be made to initiate an experimental colony elsewhere on Long Island to determine if colony relocation is a feasible management option.     

广州市城市生活垃圾管理系统规划

运用最小费用规划模型,选取运输费用以及各处理设施（包括垃圾焚烧、制肥、回收利用、 填埋和中转处理）的处理费用为因子,同时把经济收入作为负的费用从中扣除,对选取的三个规划方案进行了计算,得出了广州市市区城市生活垃圾管理系统处理的最低费用,并给出了市属8个区的垃圾量相应的处理设置。     

金坛市饮用水源地保护方案研究

钱资荡是金坛市目前直接饮用水源地,根据环境监测结果,它已处于中营养化后期。借鉴国内外先进的湖泊管理经验,运用系统工程的思想和方法提出了切实可行的金坛市饮用水源地保护方案。该方案由4个工程子系统组成,（1）截污工程：在岸丘桥和南州桥位置各筑一节制闸（而岸丘桥工程又是首选工程）,以封住湖泊两头入流,杜绝污染物进入水源地的截污工程;（2）引水工程：是截污工程的配套工程,利用一游长荡 湖来补充水量,并对3个引水工程设想进行了系统分析,推荐涵管方案,同时将长荡湖作为该市战略水源地一并纳入保护体系中;（3）湿地生态处理工程：对进入荡区前的芦苇区进行综合整治,发展以芦苇为主的湿地生态处理工程;（4）环湖绿色自然保护带工程：包括建设围湖芦苇荡、环湖林带、绿色食品基地以及污泥处置。最后还提出了三级水域保护区范围、水域行政管理体系建设以及工程方案分步实施计划。     

Urban Land-banking Planning: A New Instrument to Regulate Urban Land Supply-demand of Nanjing City

Abstract

It is the major purpose of the paper to present the urban land-banking planning and its functions of promoting the urban land-banking system and land use administration. The urban land-banking system has the potential attribute of acting as an irreplaceable role in urban land administration, but its unexpected function-deviation has impacted its implementation effect in China. A few city governments are attempting to deal with the problem by the urban land-banking planning which is expected to contribute to the extension of urban function, optimization of urban patterns, promotion of urban core competitiveness and overall construction of the urban value chain. In this paper, we primarily discuss the necessity, functions, purposes and main contents of the urban land-banking planning. Subsequently, the implementing situation of the urban land-banking system in Nanjing is analyzed, including its integrated mode, spatio-temporal quantitative distribution and main characteristics. Finally, the background and targets including total, compositions, space, and regulation points are gradually introduced to present the Nanjing land-banking planning version 2.     

基于3S技术的庄河市滨海湿地景观格局演变研究

庄河市位于黄海北部沿海地区,自然海岸线长达285km,拥有丰富的滨海湿地资源,对区域经济的发展具有显著的促进作用.以庄河市2000年和2010年的Landsat TM（或ETM）遥感影像获取研究区的滨海湿地斑块图形数据,选用生态意义较明确的景观特征指数,对庄河市滨海湿地的景观格局变化进行研究.研究结果表明,2000-2010年,庄河市滨海湿地总面积不断缩减,由2000年的131252.60hm2减少到2010年的121489.16hm2,减少幅度为7.44％;湿地斑块数不断增加,由2000年的3425块增加到2010年的3563块;湿地景观多样性指数（H）和景观形状指数（LSI）呈增加趋势,分别由2000年的0.6315和14.0分别增加到2010年的0.8554和18.7;景观优势度指数呈下降趋势,由2000年的0.8359下降到2010年的0.7364,表明庄河市滨海湿地的景观破碎化程度越来越严重.