Parental perception of social risk and of positive potentiality of outdoor autonomy for children: The development of two instruments

An important factor that limits children's autonomy outdoors is parental perception of social danger and traffic danger. To obtain quantitative instruments for these dimensions, this work aimed to explore the validity and reliability of three scales. Two of them describe, respectively, problematic aspects of the area of residence linked to traffic and situations of social degradation that could constitute risk factors for the child's psychological and physical safety (Traffic Danger Perception Scale, Social Danger Perception Scale). The third scale investigates parental perception of the positive potentiality of outdoor autonomy for children's maturation and growth. Interviews were conducted with 377 mothers of children between 8 and 10 years of age residing in six different areas in Italy. The results indicated weak reliability of the Traffic Danger Perception Scale, which requires further investigation, and they confirmed the reliability and the construct validity of the Social Danger Perception Scale and the Perception of Positive Potentiality of Outdoor Autonomy for Children Scale. The perception of social danger was higher in mothers who live in larger urban contexts and who have more personal fear of crime and a lower sense of community. The positive perception of children's autonomy of movement was higher among mothers who live in greener areas, who have a greater sense of community and who have more neighbourhood relations.     

黄山市交通网络优化及区域旅游效应分析

以黄山市为例,从区际与区内两个角度构建黄山市区际、区内旅游交通网络无向图,并采用拓扑分析的方法,测定了区际的徽杭高速公路以及区内的宏儒公路建成前后黄山市旅游交通网络通达度指数的变化.结果表明:①黄山市交通网络的优化大大提高了整个黄山市的旅游可进入性,有利于促进"长三角"客流量的增加;②宏儒公路等区内交通建设,有利于推进"两山一湖"整体发展和发挥黄山风景区的旅游辐射带动功能,但同时宏村与西递之间的竞争将会加剧.     

1991－2001年南昌市土地利用/覆被变化特征研究

土地利用/覆被变化是区域变化的重要组成部分，是短时期内人类活动对自然环境改造的显著表现形式。南昌市地处京广线和沿海地区之间，属于经济欠发达地区的省会城市。近年来，社会经济发展迅速，城镇化进程明显加快，土地利用变化显著。文章利用1991—2001年南昌市土地详查和变更数据，分析南昌市土地利用/覆被变化特征，其基本结论有： （1）土地利用类型构成以耕地、水域和林地为主；（2）建设用地增幅显著，而耕地数量则呈下降态势，土地利用结构的变化与城镇的发展密切相关；（3）从土地利用程度看，不论是单项指标指数还是综合指数，南昌市均高于全国平均水平；（4）从时间序列看，南昌市土地利用/覆被的多样性指数和均匀度指数逐渐增大，而优势度指数逐渐减小，指数变化的趋势还表现为前一时期（1991—1996年）比后一时期（1996—2001年）要大，这表明土地利用/覆被的破碎化程度持续加强，但后期的加强程度呈弱化趋势。     

清洁生产与绿色产业——临安市工业经济发展的必然选择

通过对清洁生产与绿色产业的阐述以及临安市社会经济发展现状的分析，指出临安市工业经济发展面临一次必然的选择，即以清洁生产与绿色产业为发展目标，并提出相应的一些设想和措施。     

坡地灾害与重庆城市建设

阐述和探索了重庆地区斜坡的形态和物质结构特征，以及在人为坡活动的影响下与坡地灾害的形成关系，目的在于引起施工人员重视和提高群众的防灾意识。     

孝感市城区主要交通干道噪声污染分析研究

以孝感市城区主要交通干道城站路、北京路、交通大道和槐荫大道为研究对象,对交通噪声进行监测,同时统计车流量.分析孝感市城区整体交通噪声污染情况,以及时间和空间分布特征.研究表明,孝感市城区主要干道的总体噪声值均在75 dB左右,超过国家相应标准,其中槐荫大道噪声污染较重.交通噪声在时间上呈现周内噪声波动大,周末噪声强度大,持续时间长,与车流量有一定关系;在空间上,东西道路噪声污染较南北道路严重.     

忻州市环境空气PM10和TSP中水溶性阴离子特征分析

利用中流量采样器收集忻州市采暖季和非采暖季4个监测点位的PM10和TSP样品,通过离子色谱法测定SO2-4、NO-3和Cl-的质量浓度,并以此3种水溶性阴离子的时空分布、相关性参数和特征比值来探讨其在环境空气中的污染特征和来源.结果表明,采暖季PM10和TSP中3种水溶性阴离子的总质量浓度分别为14.24μg·m-3和21.97μg·m-3,明显高于非采暖季(分别为8.56μg·m-3和11.84μg·m-3).采暖季和非采暖季3种水溶性阴离子总质量在PM10中所占比例分别为15.70%和13.19%,在TSP中所占比例分别为12.16%和8.84%,离子主要富集在PM10中.采暖季4个采样点位3种阴离子的质量浓度均高于非采暖季,采样点位DC的阴离子质量浓度高于其它点位,时空差异明显.采暖季NO-3与SO2-4相关性显著,说明二者形成过程的控制因子相同;非采暖季Cl-与SO2-4、NO-3的相关性显著,说明三者具有共同来源.NO-3/SO2-4比值在0.31~1.41之内,相对较高,暗示机动车尾气对空气颗粒物的影响突出,但均值都小于1,表明空气污染来源仍以燃煤等固定源排放为主.总体而言,忻州市水溶性阴离子的污染属于机动车尾气和燃煤的复合型污染.     

Integral stormwater management master plan and design in an ecological community

Urban stormwater runoff nearly discharges directly into bodies of water through gray infrastructure in China, such as sewers, impermeable ditches, and pump stations. As urban flooding, water shortage, and other environment problems become serious, integrated water environment management is becoming increasingly complex and challenging. At more than 200 ha, the Oriental Sun City community is a large retirement community located in the eastern side of Beijing. During the beginning of its construction, the project faced a series of serious water environment crises such as eutrophication, flood risk, water shortage, and high maintenance costs. To address these issues, an integral storrnwater management master plan was developed based on the concept of low impact development （LID）. A large number of LID and green stormwater infrastructure （GSI） approaches were designed and applied in the community to replace traditional stormwater drainage systems completely. These approaches mainly included bioretention （which captured nearly 85th percentile volume of the annual runoff in the site, nearly 5.4 x 10^5 m3 annually）, swales （which functioned as a substitute for traditional stormwater pipes）, waterscapes, and stormwater wetlands. Finally, a stormwater system plan was proposed by integrating with the gray water system, landscape planning, an architectural master plan, and related consultations that supported the entire construction period. After more than 10 years of planning, designing, construction, and operation, Oriental Sun City has become one of the earliest modem large-scale LID communities in China. Moreover, the project not only addressed the crisis efficiently and effectively, but also yielded economic and ecological benefits.     

太原市汾河景区浮游藻类细胞密度对氮磷的影响

为了研究太原汾河景区的水质状况并为其水质保护和水华暴发预警及防治提供依据,2012年6月至10月,对该区域8个采样点的浮游藻类细胞密度、氨氮、总氮和总磷及它们之间的关系进行了调查分析。结果表明,多数样点总氮超标,总磷相对稳定,均不超标,氮磷比变化较明显,多数采样点以7月份的细胞密度较高,下游端较上游端浮游藻类生长旺盛,污染情况也较为严重。多数采样点浮游藻类细胞密度与总氮和氮磷比呈负相关,与总磷呈正相关。     

云南高原临沧市城市相对湿度和干岛效应分析

利用临沧市市区和郊区1961~2010年气象观测资料进行对比分析,得出临沧市相对湿度和干岛强度的年代际、年际、月、日变化规律。结果表明:临沧市的相对湿度年变化呈下降趋势,季节变化夏季最大、春季最小,日变化08时最大、14时最小;临沧市从1971年开始干岛强度呈增强趋势,日变化08时左右较弱、20时达到最强,干岛强度月变化6月最弱、10月最强。利用灰色关联度分析影响临沧市干岛强度的人文因子和自然因子,结果得到对临沧市城市干岛强度影响最大的自然因子是低云量,对城市干岛强度影响最大的人文因子是城区人口,且人文因子大于自然因子的影响。