两种典型持久性有机污染物对草履虫急性毒性初探

滴滴涕和苯并芘这两种典型持久性有机污染物在环境中已广泛分布,因此,本研究利用单细胞真核模式生物-草履虫来研究其急性毒性效应,结果发现其毒性效应存在显著的剂量效应关系.DDT和BaP的半数致死浓度分别为126.012 mg·L-1和180.167 mg·L-1,且这两种污染物的浓度和概率间存在很好的线性关系.不同浓度的D...     

Changes in bird‐migration patterns associated with human‐induced mortality

Many bird populations have recently changed their migratory behavior in response to alterations of the environment. We collected data over 16 years on male Great Bustards (Otis tarda), a species showing a partial migratory pattern (sedentary and migratory birds coexisting in the same breeding groups). We conducted population counts and radio tracked 180 individuals to examine differences in survival rates between migratory and sedentary individuals and evaluate possible effects of these differences on the migratory pattern of the population. Overall, 65% of individuals migrated and 35% did not. The average distance between breeding and postbreeding areas of migrant individuals was 89.9 km, and the longest average movement of sedentary males was 3.8 km. Breeding group and migration distance had no effect on survival. However, mortality of migrants was 2.4 to 3.5 times higher than mortality of sedentary birds. For marked males, collision with power lines was the main cause of death from unnatural causes (37.6% of all deaths), and migratory birds died in collisions with power lines more frequently than sedentary birds (21.3% vs 6.3%). The percentage of sedentary individuals increased from 17% in 1997 to 45% in 2012. These results were consistent with data collected from radio‐tracked individuals: The proportion of migratory individuals decreased from 86% in 1997–1999 to 44% in 2006–2010. The observed decrease in the migratory tendency was not related to climatic changes (temperatures did not change over the study period) or improvements in habitat quality (dry cereal farmland area decreased in the main study area). Our findings suggest that human‐induced mortality during migration may be an important factor shaping the migration patterns of species inhabiting humanized landscapes.     

Evaluating unintended consequences of intentional species introductions and eradications for improved conservation management

Increasingly intensive strategies to maintain biodiversity and ecosystem function are being deployed in response to global anthropogenic threats, including intentionally introducing and eradicating species via assisted migration, rewilding, biological control, invasive species eradications, and gene drives. These actions are highly contentious because of their potential for unintended consequences. We conducted a global literature review of these conservation actions to quantify how often unintended outcomes occur and to elucidate their underlying causes. To evaluate conservation outcomes, we developed a community assessment framework for systematically mapping the range of possible interaction types for 111 case studies. Applying this tool, we quantified the number of interaction types considered in each study and documented the nature and strength of intended and unintended outcomes. Intended outcomes were reported in 51% of cases, a combination of intended outcomes and unintended outcomes in 26%, and strictly unintended outcomes in 10%. Hence, unintended outcomes were reported in 36% of all cases evaluated. In evaluating overall conservations outcomes (weighing intended vs. unintended effects), some unintended effects were fairly innocuous relative to the conservation objective, whereas others resulted in serious unintended consequences in recipient communities. Studies that assessed a greater number of community interactions with the target species reported unintended outcomes more often, suggesting that unintended consequences may be underreported due to insufficient vetting. Most reported unintended outcomes arose from direct effects (68%) or simple density-mediated or indirect effects (25%) linked to the target species. Only a few documented cases arose from more complex interaction pathways (7%). Therefore, most unintended outcomes involved simple interactions that could be predicted and mitigated through more formal vetting. Our community assessment framework provides a tool for screening future conservation actions by mapping the recipient community interaction web to identify and mitigate unintended outcomes from intentional species introductions and eradications for conservation.     

炭素焙烧炉沥青烟净化处理

采用干式静电除尘技术,对炭素焙烧炉排放的含有烟尘、沥青烟的工业废气进行处理,达到既能高效净化有害气体,又能降低资金投入。处理后的各项指标为:烟尘排放浓度=20.0mg/m3,沥青烟排放浓度=14.2mg/m3,苯并(a)芘排放浓度=0.054×10-3mg/m3,所有污染物均达到排放标准。     

北太平洋柔鱼渔场时空分布与海洋环境要素的研究

根据2010 年7~9月和2011年7~10月“舟渔1301#” 2个航次的北太平洋柔鱼渔场海上调查资料,利用渔获生产数据?海况天气数据以及同期的卫星遥感获取的海表面温度(SST) ?海表盐度(SSS)及叶绿素a (Chl-a)浓度和海流等数据,分析柔鱼的中心渔场分布与海洋环境的变动关系.研究结果显示:整个调查期间渔获频次在SST和Chl-a因子上均呈正态分布,渔场高产的最适SST范围为18~20℃, 最适SSS范围为33.60‰~34.80‰, 最适Chl-a浓度范围为0.08~0.24mg/m3,其中SST与柔鱼渔场之间有较好的匹配关系,中心渔场通常位于18~20℃的等温线附近,且位置一般出现在冷水团和暖水团交汇区的冷水团一侧;中心渔场位于亲潮和黑潮交汇混合区的向北一侧,离交汇地带的距离较近,而且随着时间的推移,渔汛期间中心渔场的位置逐步往其向西北方向移动.总体上多个环境因子皆可作为确定潜在中心渔场的指标,但以海表水温为最佳,另外辅助寒?暖流的交汇情况以及Chl-a浓度?天气海况等因素来综合分析,判断渔场的中心位置会更准确.     

电捕法净化焙烧炉沥青烟气

针对炭素焙烧炉烟气特点,采用雾化水预处理和电捕焦油技术,对某炭素厂焙烧炉烟气进行治理,达到既高效净化有害气体,又降低资金投入。处理后的烟气指标为:沥青烟浓度13.8mg/m3,苯并(a)芘浓度0.053×10-3mg/m3,烟尘浓度19.1mg/m3,各项污染物均达标排放。     

蚯蚓细胞色素P450酶系对土壤中芘或苯并[a]芘的响应

以赤子爱胜蚓(Eisenia fetida)为受试生物,通过人工污染草甸棕壤微宇宙试验方法,研究了暴露于不同环境浓度芘或苯并[a]芘(添加量分别为0.12、0.24、0.48、0.96 mg·kg~(-1))污染的土壤中14 d后,蚯蚓体内细胞色素P450(CYPs)酶系,如CYPs总量、CYP1A1及CYP2C9活性的变化.结果显示,芘或苯并[a]芘暴露导致蚯蚓CYPs总量、CYP1A1及CYP2C9活性的变化不同.其中,CYPs总量与CYP1A1活性对芘的响应趋势相似:试验3 d后,0.96 mg·kg~(-1)芘导致二者都显著高于对照水平;14 d后,都显著低于对照水平;CYP1A1活性对芘的响应更为敏感.CYPs总量与CYP2C9活性对苯并[a]芘的响应趋势相似:暴露初期,苯并[a]芘最高暴露剂量(0.96 mg·kg~(-1))导致二者都显著低于对照水平;试验结束后,苯并[a]芘最低暴露剂量(0.12 mg·kg~(-1))导致二者都显著高于对照水平,最高剂量暴露导致二者都显著低于对照水平,CYP2C9活性对苯并[a]芘的响应更为敏感.因此,推断CYPs亚酶对污染物的响应具有选择性且亚酶的响应敏感度高于CYPs总量.将CYPs总量与CYP1A1活性结合,或与CYP2C9活性结合分别诊断土壤芘污染或并[a]芘污染,较为准确有效.     

Application of Agriculture‐Developed Demographic Analysis for the Conservation of the Hawaiian Alpine Wekiu Bug

Insects that should be considered for conservation attention are often overlooked because of a lack of data. The detailed information necessary to assess population growth, decline, and maximum range is particularly difficult to acquire for rare and cryptic species. Many of these difficulties can be overcome with the use of life table analyses and heat energy accumulation models common in agriculture. The wekiu bug (Nysius wekiuicola), endemic to the summit of one volcanic mountain in Hawaii, is a rare insect living in an environmentally sensitive alpine stone desert, where field‐based population assessments would be inefficient or potentially detrimental to natural and cultural resources. We conducted laboratory experiments with the insects by manipulating rearing temperatures of laboratory colonies and made detailed observations of habitat conditions to develop life tables representing population growth parameters and environmental models for wekiu bug phenology and demographic change. Wekiu bugs developed at temperatures only found in its environment on sunny days and required the thermal buffer found on cinder cones for growth and population increase. Wekiu bugs required approximately 3.5 months to complete one generation. The bug developed optimally from 26 to 30 °C, temperatures that are much higher than the air temperature attains in its elevational range. The developmental temperature range of the species confirmed a physiological reason why the wekiu bug is only found on cinder cones. This physiology information can help guide population monitoring and inform habitat restoration and conservation. The wekiu bug was a candidate for listing under the U.S. Endangered Species Act, and the developmental parameters we quantified were used to determine the species would not be listed as endangered or threatened. The use of developmental threshold experiments, life table analyses, and degree day modeling can directly inform otherwise unobservable habitat needs and demographic characteristics of extremely rare insects. Aplicación de Análisis Demográfico de Desarrollo Agrícola para la Conservación del Insecto Weiku Alpino Hawaiano     

Using Twitter to communicate conservation science from a professional conference

Scientists are increasingly using Twitter as a tool for communicating science. Twitter can promote scholarly discussion, disseminate research rapidly, and extend and diversify the scope of audiences reached. However, scientists also caution that if Twitter does not accurately convey science due to the inherent brevity of this media, misinformation could cascade quickly through social media. Data on whether Twitter effectively communicates conservation science and the types of user groups receiving these tweets are lacking. To address these knowledge gaps, we examined live tweeting as a means of communicating conservation science at the 2013 International Congress for Conservation Biology (ICCB). We quantified and compared the user groups sending and reading live tweets. We also surveyed presenters to determine their intended audiences, which we compared with the actual audiences reached through live tweeting. We also asked presenters how effectively tweets conveyed their research findings. Twitter reached 14 more professional audience categories relative to those attending and live tweeting at ICCB. However, the groups often reached through live tweeting were not the presenters’ intended audiences. Policy makers and government and non‐governmental organizations were rarely reached (0%, 4%, and 6% of audience, respectively), despite the intent of the presenters. Plenary talks were tweeted about 6.9 times more than all other oral or poster presentations combined. Over half the presenters believed the tweets about their talks were effective. Ineffective tweets were perceived as vague or missing the presenters’ main message. We recommend that presenters who want their science to be communicated accurately and broadly through Twitter should provide Twitter‐friendly summaries that incorporate relevant hashtags and usernames. Our results suggest that Twitter can be used to effectively communicate speakers’ findings to diverse audiences beyond conference walls.     

Paradigms for parasite conservation

Parasitic species, which depend directly on host species for their survival, represent a major regulatory force in ecosystems and a significant component of Earth's biodiversity. Yet the negative impacts of parasites observed at the host level have motivated a conservation paradigm of eradication, moving us farther from attainment of taxonomically unbiased conservation goals. Despite a growing body of literature highlighting the importance of parasite‐inclusive conservation, most parasite species remain understudied, underfunded, and underappreciated. We argue the protection of parasitic biodiversity requires a paradigm shift in the perception and valuation of their role as consumer species, similar to that of apex predators in the mid‐20th century. Beyond recognizing parasites as vital trophic regulators, existing tools available to conservation practitioners should explicitly account for the unique threats facing dependent species. We built upon concepts from epidemiology and economics (e.g., host‐density threshold and cost‐benefit analysis) to devise novel metrics of margin of error and minimum investment for parasite conservation. We define margin of error as the risk of accidental host extinction from misestimating equilibrium population sizes and predicted oscillations, while minimum investment represents the cost associated with conserving the additional hosts required to maintain viable parasite populations. This framework will aid in the identification of readily conserved parasites that present minimal health risks. To establish parasite conservation, we propose an extension of population viability analysis for host–parasite assemblages to assess extinction risk. In the direst cases, ex situ breeding programs for parasites should be evaluated to maximize success without undermining host protection. Though parasitic species pose a considerable conservation challenge, adaptations to conservation tools will help protect parasite biodiversity in the face of an uncertain environmental future.