国家科技发展规划与中国的资源科学

国家先后编制了七次科技发展规划,资源科学研究也从最初的自然资源综合考察发展成了一门综合性交叉学科。其中以《1956-1967年科学技术发展远景规划》和《1978-1985年全国科学技术发展规划纲要》,对资源科学的形成与发展影响最大。前者推动了中国自然资源综合考察事业的形成与发展,后者促进了中国资源科学考察事业的发展与壮大,进而推动了资源科学的形成与发展。全文在回顾与展望国家科技发展规划与中国资源科学发展的基础上,提出了新世纪初期国家中长期科学技术发展规划有关资源科学发展的3条建议。     

An application of the Pareto method in surveys to diagnose managers’ and workers’ perception of occupational safety and health on selected Polish construction sites

The construction industry is an important sector of the economy in Poland. According to the National Labour Inspectorate (PIP) data of 2014, the number of victims of fatal accidents in the construction sector amounted to 80 as compared with 187 injured in all other sectors of economy in Poland. This article presents the results of surveys on the impact of construction worker behaviour on the occupational safety and health outcomes. The surveys took into account the point of view of both construction site management (tactical level) and construction workers (operational level). For the analysis of results, the method of numerical taxonomy and Pareto charts was employed, which allowed the authors to identify the areas of occupational safety and health at both an operational and a tactical level, in which improvement actions needed to be proposed for workers employed in micro, small, medium and large construction enterprises.     

黔中软岩与硬岩互层地基持力层特征值和基坑边坡设计参数C、Φ的确定

采用钻探、超声波测井、抽水试验、水质分析、地微震测量、室内岩土力学室验等综合勘探测试方法,确定薄至中厚层状泥质白云岩、泥质灰岩夹泥岩、页岩组成的软质岩与硬质岩互层状岩体地基承载力特征值,结合地区的建筑经验合理的评价和充分挖掘软质岩与硬质岩互层状岩体地基承载力特征值(fa)和基坑边坡设计参数C、Ф。     

Diversity of hydric soils in North Carolina,USA

Hydric soils are used as supportive evidence for wetland delineations by federal and state agencies and by the private sector in North Carolina, USA. An analysis of hydric soil distribution and hydric soil characteristics was conducted with county soil surveys and soil taxonomy of the USA. Approximately 100 hydric soils have been used for soil mapping in North Carolina, and they represent seven of the ten soil orders in soil taxonomy. An estimated 23% (2.9 million ha) of the land surface area in North Carolina supports hydric soils. Approximately 96% of the known hydric soil acreage was found in the coastal plain of North Carolina. Over one-third of the soils were hydric Ultisols, which represented close to 10% of the land surface area. The other soil orders with extensive hydric soil acreage included Histosols, Inceptisols, and Entisols. The soil orders were separated into great groups of soil taxonomy to discuss soil profile characteristics. Landscape positions and associated wetland communities were also presented. In North Carolina, a statewide inventory of wetlands does not exist and soil surveys offer a resource for a first approximation of wetland boundaries.     

中国环境行政执法能力建设现状调查与问题分析

环境行政执法能力建设正成为中国环境行政管理体制建设的一个重点.中国已建立起一个四级环境执法体系,最新成立的区域环境督查中心标志着中国环境行政执法体制建设又迈出了新的一步.对85个执法机构,162家企业就环境行政执法机构的人力投入、资金支持、技术保障、执法手段、执法产出、执法阻力、社会动员和企业激励8个方面进行了问卷和访谈形式的调查.从省、市、县三级执法角度全面分析了中国环境行政执法各方面存在的问题.研究认为,中国的环境行政执法总体而言已经建立起一个完备的框架,各地对环境执法日益重视,环境行政执法能力得到了提高;但是环境行政执法随着经济发展、公众环境意识的提高面临着越来越大的压力,承担的任务也更为繁重.为了应对挑战,环境法律、体制和各方面的投入以及执法理念都要进一步改进.     

藏北地区油气资源地球化学特征及其找矿方向

通过最新的遥感油气勘查,结合已有的油气地质和油气地球化学资料,对藏北地区油气资源进行了初步评价,认为该地区油气资源总量为40～60亿t左右。勘查重点放在羌塘地区的西北部,尤其是地球化学异常低值区具有大型推覆体构造的复合部位,最有希望找到亿吨以上整装油气田。     

Community richness and stability in agricultural landscapes: The importance of surrounding habitats

In this paper, the role played by habitat diversity in the landscape on species richness and on the stability of farmland bird communities was investigated. Species richness was estimated on 374 samples monitored in farmland by the French breeding bird survey during the 2001–2005 period. A capture–recapture approach was used to estimate species richness accounting for the variation in detection probability among species of the 100 most common species detected in farmland. Landscape structure and composition were measured both in farmland and in adjacent habitats. The independent effect of each variable on community richness and stability was further assessed using hierarchical variance partitioning and taking spatial autocorrelation into account. A strong matrix effect was detected: non-cropped land deeply influenced richness and stability of bird assemblages.     

光纤传感检测水中总铁的研制

讨论了光纤理化检测仪的原理 ,建立了抗坏血酸还原三价铁后 ,以菲咯嗪为显色剂 ,测定水中总铁的新方法。理论和实践证明 ,采用光纤传感检测适应现场检测的要求。     

湖北省湿地水禽资源研究

1996年5月至2003年7月,使用直接计数法、样方法和专项调查法研究了湖北省湿地水禽资源,包括物种多样性、分布和种群数量。结果表明:湖北省共有水禽131种,隶属于7目19科58属;记录到107种,其中有黄嘴白鹭、小苇(?)、红脚苦恶鸟和长嘴剑(?)4个新记录种。按区系型分,古北界种类占优势,有80种,广布种26种,东洋种25种;按季节型分,冬候鸟为主体,有75种,夏候鸟32种,旅鸟14种,留鸟10种;按生活型分,涉禽占优势,共81种,游禽50种。湖北省水禽种群总数为159.396 9×104只,密度为101.96只/km₂;种群数量在1×104只以上的有28种。角(?)(?)等24种未发现。     

进一步做实地质调查项目的问题探讨

地质大调查工作开展以来获得了大量的地质资料,取得了一批丰硕的调查成果。要进一步做实地质调查项目尚需重点解决好几个技术性实践问题:规范性地采集和积累资料,满足经济建设和社会公众对地质资料的需求;把握好综合研究项目的定位,把计划项目做实,形成整体性成果;重视项目设计书的编写,切实做好项目实施方案的部署。