庐山春季降水与云雾水化学组成的比较

庐山春季高山降水和云雾水均已严重酸化，所采样品的ｐＨ值全部小于５．６，主要酸性物质是硫酸，硝酸占次要地位；云雾水中离子浓度高于降水，且酸度强于降水；对不同相态降水的比较表明，固相降水组成比雨不高２－６倍，但ｐＨ值比雨水高０．６。而氧化性物质Ｈ２Ｏ２在降水中浓度高于云雾水中浓度，液相降水中浓度于固相降水。     

兼氧技术应用于有机污泥的处理

应用兼氧技术处理有机污泥，对处理过程中挥发性脂肪酸的生成、N元素的变化、兼氧微生物的种群进行了检测，结果表明，有机污泥经过24h兼氧反应后，污泥中的有机物得到降解，酸化反应生成了质量浓度的2531mg/L的乙酸；系统中NH3－N含量略有上升；兼氧反应过程中的微生物以异养型的产酸细菌为优势菌种。污泥被水解酸化后回流到废水处理系统，系统基本无剩余污泥排放。     

化学制药企业废水处理工程实例

针对某化学制药企业的生产废水总氮(TN)、氨氮(NH₃-N)浓度高,含有大量难生物降解的有机物,水质pH变化大等特点,采用两级氨氮吹脱+综合调节+水解酸化+两级A/O+混凝沉淀处理的组合工艺对其进行处理。分析并研究了氨氮吹脱的最优工艺参数,调节pH至11.5,控制气液体积比为3 500∶1,吹脱率可以达到90%以上。结果表明,氨氮吹脱处理单元NH₃-N及TN去除率均达到94%,经过两级A/O和二沉池处理,化学需氧量(COD_Cr)、NH₃-N及TN去除率分别达到91.1%、96.3%及91.0%。组合工艺处理后的出水COD_Cr≤50 mg/L,NH₃-N浓度≤8 mg/L,TN浓度≤15 mg/L,SS浓度≤10 mg/L,水质达到GB 18918—2002《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准》的一级A标准,工艺处理成本为2.429元/m ³。     

水解酸化+SBR工艺处理小规模养殖屠宰废水

介绍了水解SBR处理系统在屠宰加工废水中的工程应用。结果表明,经该工艺处理后,外排废水出水水质能达到《肉类加工工业水污染物排放标准》(GB1345792)的一级排放标准。该工艺具有占地面积小,处理效率好,运行费用低等特点,能广泛应用于屠宰加工废水的处理。     

补料频率对牛粪料液酸化效果的影响

研究不同补料频率对牛粪水解酸化特性的影响,以牛粪为发酵原料,在发酵温度为中温(35±1)℃条件下,进行半连续产酸发酵实验,补料频率分别为12、24和36 h/次。结果表明,补料频率影响挥发性脂肪酸(VFA)的积累速度,从快到慢顺序分别为24、36和12 h/次,24 h/次组在第7天挥发酸总量积累最大;在所做实验的补料频率内不影响发酵类型,各组的乙酸与丁酸之和的百分含量均在81%以上,属于丁酸型发酵;p H值6.2左右在丁酸发酵的适宜范围,因此,24 h/次组可以为产甲烷相提供适宜底物。     

生物强化水解酸化过程前后微生物群落结构变化

通过利用生物强化技术提高水解酸化处理模拟印染废水的处理效果,包括共基质强化和菌剂强化两个方面。菌剂和共基质强化结果表明,菌剂A和菌剂B的加入将脱色率分别提高了2.33%和7.20%,当不加碳源时,脱色效果比较差(低于6.00%),而蔗糖的加入能提高脱色率至45.29%。利用PCR-DGGE技术追踪生物强化前后微生物群落结构信息,结果表明,菌剂和共基质的加入都对水解酸化池的微生物群落结构有较大影响。菌剂A和B强化后,水解酸化池的微生物多样性指数H(Shannon Weaver)由2.38分别增长到2.56和2.69,而共基质调控使得H由2.94增加到3.16。菌剂强化后,优势菌厚壁菌(Firmicutes)得到强化。通过共基质强化,优势菌拟杆菌(Bacteroidetes)和厚壁菌(Firmicutes)得到强化,它们可能在染料降解中起到重要作用。     

Nitrous oxide and methane in a changing Arctic Ocean

Human activities are changing the Arctic environment at an unprecedented rate resulting in rapid warming, freshening, sea ice retreat and ocean acidification of the Arctic Ocean. Trace gases such as nitrous oxide (N₂O) and methane (CH₄) play important roles in both the atmospheric reactivity and radiative budget of the Arctic and thus have a high potential to influence the region’s climate. However, little is known about how these rapid physical and chemical changes will impact the emissions of major climate-relevant trace gases from the Arctic Ocean. The combined consequences of these stressors present a complex combination of environmental changes which might impact on trace gas production and their subsequent release to the Arctic atmosphere. Here we present our current understanding of nitrous oxide and methane cycling in the Arctic Ocean and its relevance for regional and global atmosphere and climate and offer our thoughts on how this might change over coming decades.Supplementary InformationThe online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13280-021-01633-8.     

ESTIMATION OF EPISODIC STREAM ACIDIFICATION BASED ON MONTHLY OR ANNUAL SAMPLING1

ABSTRACT: Programs of monthly or annual stream water sampling will rarely observe the episodic extremes of acidification chemistry that occur during brief, unpredictable runoff events. When viewed in the context of data from several streams, however, baseflow measurements of variables such as acid neutralizing capacity, pH and NO₃· are likely to be highly correlated with the episodic extremes of those variables from the same stream and runoff season. We illustrate these correlations for a water chemistry record, nearly two years in length, obtained from intensive sampling of 13 small Northeastern U.S. streams studied during USEPA's Episodic Response Project. For these streams, simple regression models estimate episodic extremes of acid neutralizing capacity, pH, NO₃·, Ca²⁺, SO₄^2?, and total dissolved Al with good relative accuracy from statistics of monthly or annual index samples. Model performances remain generally stable when episodic extremes in the second year of sampling are predicted from first-year models. Monthly or annual sampling designs, in conjunction with simple empirical models calibrated and maintained through intensive sampling every few years, may estimate episodic extremes of acidification chemistry with economy and reasonable accuracy. Such designs would facilitate sampling a large number of streams, thereby yielding estimates of the prevalence of episodic acidification at regional scales.     

模拟氮沉降对森林土壤化学性质的影响

大气氮沉降的增加对森林土壤的影响是近来生态学研究的重要课题。以鼎湖山季风常绿阔叶林（以下简称为“阔叶林”）、马尾松（Pinus massoniana）林、针阔叶混交林（以下简称为“混交林”）和增城木荷（Schima superba）人工幼林等4种林型土壤为研究对象,采用野外原位模拟大气氮沉降的方法,设置3种模拟氮沉降量,即N0（对照,N：0 g·m-2·a-1）、N5（N：5 g·m-2·a-1）、N10（N：10 g·m-2·a-1）,在模拟氮沉降时间分别为42个月（阔叶林）、31个月（马尾松林）、50个月（混交林）、20个月（人工幼林）后,采集0~20 cm土层的林地土壤,分析土壤的化学性质,探讨不同氮沉降量对不同林型土壤化学性质的影响。结果表明,（1）模拟氮沉降对鼎湖山阔叶林、马尾松林、混交林土壤pH值的影响基本一致,均使pH值下降。其中,当氮沉降量达到N10时,阔叶林土壤pH值降为3.97,与对照相比下降了0.11 pH单位,差异达显著性水平（p〈0.05）。而人工幼林土壤pH值未随着氮沉降量的不同而有明显的变化。（2）模拟氮沉降在近2年至4年的时间内,对阔叶林、混交林、人工幼林的土壤有机质、全氮、全磷、全钾、水解性氮、速效磷、速效钾含量的影响均不明显,马尾松林土壤有机质、全氮、全磷、速效磷、速效钾含量也没有明显变化,但模拟氮沉降导致了马尾松林土壤水解性氮含量明显下降,从95.12 mg·kg-1降至84.39 mg·kg-1,差异达显著性水平（p〈0.05）。（3）模拟氮沉降对鼎湖山阔叶林、马尾松林、混交林等3种林型土壤盐基饱和度、盐基离子Ca2＋、Mg2＋、K＋含量的影响未达显著水平,而对这3种林型土壤交换性Na＋含量的影响则较明显且影响趋势基本一致,即氮沉降的增加导致了土壤交换性Na＋含量明显下降。在N10处理下,与对照相比,这3种林型的土壤交换性Na＋含量分别下降了40.0%、68.4%、50.0%,差异达显著性水平（p〈0.05）。氮沉降对人工幼林土壤盐基离子含量无明显的影响。由此可得出结论：在近2年至4年的时间内,氮沉降的增加能引起鼎湖山3种林型土壤尤其是阔叶林土壤加速酸化,引起交换性Na＋明显淋失,以及马尾松林土壤水解性氮含量明显下降;但氮沉降的增加对木荷人工幼林土壤化学性质暂无明显的影响。后者可能与该林型模拟氮沉降时间较短、林龄较轻而处于快速生长期等因素有关。     

MULTIVARIATE ANALYSIS OF PARAMETERS RELATED TO LAKE ACIDIFICATION IN QUEBEC1

ABSTRACT Physico-chemical data from 234 lakes were collected during the spring and summer of 1980 by the Quebec Ministry of the Environment, the Quebec Ministry of Recreation, Hunting and Fishing and the Canadian Wildlife Service. A statistical method, based on the joint use of factorial correspondence analysis and cluster analysis, was applied to these data to obtain a general picture of the spatial variability of a number of physico-chemical parameters related to the sensitivity or acidification of lakewaters. This method was first applied to the entire Quebec territory, and showed that the part of Quebec lying on the Canadian shield is especially vulnerable to acidification. The method also showed that the southwestern portion of this area of Quebec was more substantially affected by acid fallout. A detailed study of spatial variability over the shield area revealed the existence of greater spatial heterogeneity. More precisely, it was possible to pinpoint zones which are highly vulnerable to acid precipitation and zones whose lakes show clear signs of acidification resulting from such precipitation. These two statistical analyses led to a first general diagnosis on lake acidification in Quebec. They contributed to the rationalization of data acquisition in Quebec by delimitating zones where network density needs to be increased.