屠宰生产废水治理技术应用研究

某禽类屠宰厂年屠宰加工肉鸡3000万只,根据屠宰废水有机物浓度较高,可生化性好的特点,选择了"水解酸化+A/O工艺+接触氧化池"处理工艺。运行结果表明,经该工艺处理后,废水中的COD、BOD5、氨氮等指标均能达标排放,有利于企业的可持续发展。     

低分子有机酸对硫杆菌活性的抑制作用及对土壤重金属脱除的影响

施用有机肥能够降低污染土壤重金属溶解性和生物可利用性,但在淹水厌氧等环境中,有机肥会分解产生大量低分子有机酸,会抑制嗜酸性硫杆菌的生物活性.通过摇瓶实验研究了低分子有机酸对硫杆菌的毒害抑制效果和不同硫杆菌对各类有机酸的耐受水平.结果表明,纯体系培养下,A.ferrooxidans和A.thiooxidans活性抑制率在72 h内达到90%以上,所需甲、乙、丙、丁酸最低浓度分别为41.2、78.3、43.2、123.4 mg·L~(-1)和81.9、230.4、170.1、123.4 mg·L~(-1).其中,甲酸对A.ferrooxidans和A.thiooxidans的抑制作用最显著,A.thiooxidans相比A.ferrooxidans对4种有机酸具有更高的耐受性.新鲜重金属污染土壤在生物酸化初期(0 h)加入4种有机酸对后续土壤酸化过程影响较小,但12 h后加入有机酸却能使土壤生物酸化基本停止,导致土壤重金属脱除率大幅度下降.这为有机肥改良重金属污染土壤的生物修复可行性提供一定理论依据.     

模拟酸雨淋溶下红壤中盐基离子释放及缓冲机制研究

通过模拟酸雨淋溶实验,分析在不同酸度酸雨淋溶下红壤中盐基离子释放的规律和特点,研究红壤对酸雨的缓冲机制.结果表明:红壤对酸雨的缓冲主要可分为初级和次级2个缓冲体系,其盐基离子释放主要受H+输入量控制.当H+输入量少时,红壤对酸雨的缓冲以初级缓冲体系交换盐基离子为主;随着H+输入增多,红壤对质子的缓冲进入矿物风化阶段.酸度大的酸雨对红壤的矿物风化作用相对较大.不同酸度酸雨淋溶下,各盐基离子释放量最终趋于稳定.盐基离子对酸雨的敏感性顺序为Ca2+>Mg2+>K+>Na+.结果还表明,Ca2+与Mg2+的释放显著线性相关,n(Ca2+)/n(Mg2+)随酸雨pH和淋溶量增加而增大.强酸性酸雨淋溶下红壤矿物风化所导致的Na+释放的机理和来源可能与K+,Ca2+和Mg2+的不同.      

我国部分城市降水中离子浓度与pH值的关系研究

为了对酸雨的危害进行有效地控制，有必要研究降水中某些离子的浓度与降水ｐＨ值的关系．应用投影寻踪回归新技术，建立了以某些离子作因子的我国部分城市降水ｐＨ值的投影寻踪预测模型，并计算了各离子对降水ｐＨ值的权重贡献率．结果表明这些城市降水ｐＨ值不但受酸性离子［ＳＯ４２－］和［ＮＯ３－］的影响，而且也强烈地受碱性离子［Ｃａ２＋］和［ＮＨ４＋］的影响．     

缺氧酸化联合零价铁-过氧化氢改善污泥脱水性能的研究

为探讨缺氧酸化联合零价铁(ZVI)-过氧化氢(H_2O_2)调理对污泥脱水性能的影响,本文通过单因素试验,以污泥比阻(SRF)作为参考指标,系统考察了调理条件对污泥脱水性能的影响.同时,在试验的最佳调理条件下,分析了污泥各层胞外聚合物(EPS)有机物质量浓度及荧光光谱强度以阐明该联合作用机理.结果表明,当初始pH为2,ZVI投加量为280 mg·g~(-1)(以干污泥量(DS)计,下同),缺氧时间为4 h,H_2O_2投加量为30 mg·g~(-1)(以DS计,下同),类芬顿反应时间为10 min时,SRF降低了90.39%,处理效果较单独类芬顿处理提升了1倍.机理探究试验表明,在缺氧条件下,酸化处理可加速污泥的水解,溶解得到更多的二价铁离子,促使EPS结构发生改变;ZVI-H_2O_2调理可有效地氧化部分EPS,使得紧密结合胞外聚合物(TB-EPS)破解转化至松散结合胞外聚合物(LB-EPS)和上清液胞外聚合物(SB-EPS).EPS分析结果表明,蛋白质的减少能有效提高污泥脱水性能,腐殖酸和富里酸类有机物的产生能提高污泥疏水性能.此外,ZVI的再次利用效率高,重复利用仍能使SRF降低率达到82.04%.因此,缺氧酸化联合ZVI-H_2O_2处理能实现污泥的水解、氧化和絮凝过程,达到改善污泥脱水性能的目的.     

日处理1200立方米印染废水工程实例

采用絮凝沉淀+水解酸化+生物接触氧化工艺处理印染废水。工程运行表明,印染废水在进水COD、BOD5、SS浓度分别在800、4002、00 mg/L,色度400倍的条件下,经处理后,外排废水COD、BOD5、SS浓度分别为27.2、25、32 mg/L,色度40倍。该工艺运行管理方便,剩余污泥量小,能广泛应用于印染废水处理的实际工作中。     

南京市降水化学成分特征及变化趋势

通过对１９９２－１９９８年南京市降水化学成分特征及其变化趋势的分析，表明南京市降以化明显，但无恶化迹象，降水化学成分中ＳＯ＾２－４对酸化起主要作用，但其作用呈下降趋势，而ＮＯ＾－３，Ｃｌ＾－的作用呈上升趋势。Ｃａ＾２＋，ＮＨ＾４＋在中和降水的酸性方面起十分重要的作用，Ｃａ＾２＋的作用逐渐减弱，而ＮＨ＾＋４的作用则逐渐增大。     

Consequences and Correctives Related to Lake Acidification, Liming and Mercury in Fish – A Case-Study for Lake Huljesjön, Sweden, Using the LakeWeb-model

This work exemplifies how a given lake (Lake Huljesjön, Sweden) would likely respond to changes in pH-values and to liming (a standard measure against anthropogenic acidification). The basic questions are: How would a liming influence pH? How long would the changes last? How would the changes influence the structure and function of lake ecosystems? The work uses a comprehensive lake ecosystem model, LakeWeb, which accounts for production, biomasses, predation, abiotic/biotic interactions of nine key functional groups of organisms, phytoplankton, bacterioplankton, two types of zooplankton (herbivorous and predatory), two types of fish (prey and predatory), zoobenthos, macrophytes and benthic algae. LakeWeb is a dynamic model and gives weekly variations. It has been critically tested using empirical data and regressions from many lakes. Those tests are not presented here but have shown that the model can capture typical functional and structural patterns in lakes very well. This gives credibility to the results presented in this work, which would be very costly to obtain in the traditional manner by extensive field studies in one or a few lakes. This work presents for the first time predictions at the ecosystem level of how functional groups of organisms (and not individual species) are likely to respond to acidification and liming. Two existing dynamic models, one for liming, the other for Hg-concentrations in fish, have been added to the LakeWeb-model. These two models have previously been tested and proven to yield good predictions. The results presented here indicate that there are several probable changes in the structure and function of the lake foodweb related to acidification and liming. The predicted changes in macrophyte cover will influence the predation pressure on fish, and thereby the fish biomass. Reductions in primary production at low pH-values will cause reductions in fish biomass. There are several interesting compensatory effects between factors that increase fish biomass and factors that tend to decrease the biomass. Such matters can be handled quantitatively by the LakeWeb-model.     

曝气生物滤池工艺处理汽车涂装废水

采用曝气生物滤池(BIOFOR)工艺处理江铃集团汽车涂装废水取得了良好的效果。系统出水达到《污水综合排放标准》(GB89781996)一级排放标准,整个废水处理工程具有处理能力强、处理效果好、耐冲击负荷、不需二沉池、工艺流程简单等优点。