重点区域大气污染防治行动计划实施的社会经济影响对比

基于2007年中国投入产出表建立了包含产业内部关联波及效应和居民消费诱发效应的投入产出宏观闭模型.在此基础上测算大气污染防治行动计划（以下简称"计划"）完全实施所需投资对京津冀、长三角、珠三角三大重点区域GDP、就业的正负效应及重点区域不同行业的影响,并对不同地区社会经济影响结果进行了比较分析.结果表明:在五年期间项目实施将拉动京津冀地区GDP增加35.66×108元,增加就业岗位约40808个;拉动长三角地区GDP增长2782.03×108元,增加就业岗位约238285个;拉动珠三角地区GDP增长852.85×108元,增加就业岗位约74758个.在短期（2013-2017年）内,长三角地区所获总收益远大于珠三角与京津冀地区.从行业影响看,三大地区实施"计划"后受益的行业主要集中于交通运输设备制造业、通用与专用设备制造业等与"计划"直接关联的行业.京津冀与长三角地区服务业所获得的直接效益远大于珠三角地区,侧面反映出珠三角地区服务业水平要整体高于长三角及京津冀地区;而珠三角和长三角地区因对交通行业投资较大,故交通运输设备制造业所获得的经济效益也要远大于京津冀地区.研究显示,不同地区投资所获的效益受到当地产业结构的影响,在未来产业发展中,京津冀地区应大力发展第三产业,对金属冶炼及压延加工业应多考虑产业结构升级优化;长三角及珠三角地区应鼓励发展新能源汽车、环保装备制造等行业.      

上海市实施清洁空气行动计划的健康收益分析

为掌握上海市实施清洁空气行动计划(2013~2017年)的人群健康收益,综合采用空气质量数值模拟、健康风险评估、环境价值评估方法定量评价行动计划实施后居民大气PM_(2.5)暴露水平变化及健康和经济效益.结果表明,PM_(2.5)年均暴露浓度在35μg·m~(-3)及以下的人口比例由基准年的1.62%上升至控制年的34.06%,归因PM_(2.5)暴露死亡风险由基准年的15.2%下降至控制年的11.9%.实现的健康收益总和为118.41亿元(95%CI:50.24~178.19亿元),占2013年上海市国民生产总值0.55%(95%CI:0.23%~0.82%).行动计划的实施对保护人群健康具有积极作用,外环线以内人口密集且PM_(2.5)降幅较高的区域健康收益更加显著.     

镉对豚鼠心房和家兔窦房结动作电位及收缩力的影响

镉可致大白鼠贫血,并可诱发肺癌。镉对心血管系统的影响可使血压升高。然而,镉对心脏本身的影响目前报道很少。Nilius等人报告在心室肌细胞中存在着一种允许Ca~(2+)通过的Ca~(2+)通道。有人报道Ca~(2+)通道可被外界镉所阻断。为了进一步证实镉对心肌的影响,本研究从细胞水平探讨镉对Ca~(2+)的影响,为人们认识及防治镉对心脏的毒性提供一些依据。     

基于UG平台构建三维铝型材挤压模具CAD系统

在UG平台上 ,建立了三维铝型材挤压模具CAD系统 ,可以方便地设计出参数化的铝型材挤压平面模和导流模。系统的设计采用了面向对象的技术 ,具体的程序实现则利用了UGOPEN/API接口和UGOPEN/GRIP语言     

金属塑性成形计算机模拟的若干进展

结合作者正在开展的研究工作，综述了金属生性成形计算机模拟技术近年来的一些重要进展，主要涉及模拟计算方法，利用模拟技术的工艺优化设计、材料组织性能演化的模拟以及模拟软件设计方法等。     

膜电除尘器-静电除尘新技术

膜电除尘器是将炭纤维或硅纤维编织膜作为集尘极的新式电除尘器,它克服了传统电除尘器存在的一些缺点,进一步提高了除尘效率,降低了电除尘器的造价,同时能去除粉尘中的酸性盐.介绍了膜电除尘器的结构、特点及除尘性能,并指出了进一步研究的方向.     

Analysis of effects of driver’s evasive action time on rear-end collision risk using a driving simulator

Introduction: Driver’s evasive action is closely associated with collision risk in a critical traffic event. To quantify collision risk, surrogate safety measures (SSMs) have been estimated using vehicle trajectories. However, vehicle trajectories cannot clearly capture presence and time of driver’s evasive action. Thus, this study determines the driver’s evasive action based on his/her use of accelerator and brake pedals, and analyzes the effects of the driver’s evasive action time (i.e., duration of evasive action) on rear-end collision risk. Method: Fifty drivers’ car-following behavior on a freeway was observed using a driving simulator. An SSM called “Deceleration Rate to Avoid Crash (DRAC)” and the evasive action time were determined for each driver using the data from the driving simulator. Each driver tested two traffic scenarios – Cars and Trucks scenarios where conflicting vehicles were cars and trucks, respectively. The factors related to DRAC were identified and their effects on DRAC were analyzed using the Generalized Linear Models and random effects models. Results: DRAC decreased with the evasive action time and DRAC was closely related to drivers’ gender and driving experience at the road sections where evasive action to avoid collision was required. DRAC was also significantly different between Cars and Trucks scenarios. The effect of the evasive action time on DRAC varied among different drivers, particularly in the Trucks scenario. Conclusions: Longer evasive action time can significantly reduce crash risk. Driver characteristics are more closely related to effective evasive action in complex driving conditions. Practical Applications: Based on the findings of this study, driver warning information can be developed to alert drivers to take specific evasive action that reduces collision risk in a critical traffic event. The information is likely to reduce the variability of the driver’s evasive action and the speed variations among different drivers.     

完善刑事证人出庭作证制度的探讨

证人作证制度的完善是刑事审判方式改革的迫切需要和必然结果，由于立法和司法上的原因．在我国刑事诉讼中，证人拒不作证或拒不出庭、作伪证及证人证言的反复等现象普遍存在．本文分析目前我国刑事证人不出庭作证制度的原因及危害结果，提出完善我国刑事诉讼证人制度的建议等．     

Yolk testosterone organizes behavior and male plumage coloration in house sparrows (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Passer domesticus</Emphasis>)

Vertebrate eggs contain maternal steroid hormones in their yolks; and in avian species the concentration of these steroids vary within and among clutches. The organizational actions of these variable doses of maternal steroids in the avian egg, analogous to those regulating the development of sexually dimorphic traits, are little explored. In this study, we examined the organizational effects of yolk testosterone in the house sparrow, Passer domesticus, a sexually dichromatic passerine bird in which males are characterized by the presence of a throat patch or badge of black feathers that varies in size among males. We injected a physiological dose of testosterone or vehicle into eggs in the field, removed nestlings, and hand-raised them in the laboratory. At 5 months of age, we investigated treatment effects on plumage and behavior. Males that hatched from testosterone-injected eggs developed a larger badge than males that hatched from vehicle-injected (control) eggs. However, testosterone did not induce the expression of a badge in females. In staged dyadic encounters, both males and females hatched from testosterone-injected eggs were more successful at obtaining and defending a food source than individuals of the same sex hatched from control eggs. The results suggest that variable concentrations of maternal testosterone in the eggs of the house sparrow organize the expression of a plumage trait in males and behavior in both sexes.Communicated by J. Graves     

人为土壤形成过程及其在现代土壤学上的意义

随着工业的发展、人口的增加和耕地的减少，特别是工业革命以来，人为作用对土壤形成的影响越来越大。在此过程中，人们培育了人为土，也出现了土壤退化。人为作用重要性的确认扩大了土壤学的视野，土壤不仅是独立的“历史自然体”，人为土还是劳动的产物；土壤不仅是“植物养料的储藏库”，还应是污染物的缓冲带的过滤器。因此，建议用“六大成土因素”代替五大成土因素；用“人地圈”或“智慧土壤圈”来充实“土壤圈”。