困惑与选择：文化空间的旅游化生存实践探析

文化空间是特定文化的集中展现,是非物质文化遗产的两种基本类型之一.文化空间与旅游开发存在相辅相成的关系,但在旅游化生存实践中需要消除对文化空间内涵及其原真性认识方面的困惑.以文化遗产保护为核心,注重特色旅游产品的打造和整体旅游氛围的营造,并在多方力量的推动下,创造一个可持续体现文化精髓的旅游体验空间.     

长三角一体化高质量发展：内涵、现状及对策

推动长三角一体化发展是着眼于实现“两个一百年”奋斗目标谋划部署的重大国家战略。本文首先解析了长三角一体化发展的新态势,提出了长三角一体化高质量发展的“四更”内涵,即更高战略定位的一体化、更高效率和水平的一体化、更加协调的一体化与更优空间形态的一体化。重点回顾总结了长三角一体化发展上升为国家战略三年多以来开展的主要行动和工作成效,按照高质量发展就是贯彻新发展理念的基本逻辑,构建了体现创新、协调、绿色、开放和共享五大理念的长三角一体化高质量发展评价指标体系,评估了2018—2020年长三角一体化高质量发展状态。对照一体化高质量发展新要求,针对目前存在问题,从空间部署和重点领域等方面提出相关路径建议,以期为推动长三角一体化更高质量发展提供决策参考。     

流作用下泥沙悬浮释放污染物的数值分析

基于一维垂向模型(1DV模型),建立了波流共同作用下泥沙悬浮释放污染物的数学模型,模型通过验证可较好的描述床面附近紊动特性、水流结构、泥沙垂向分布及污染物解吸释放规律. 利用数学模型,通过设置不同的模拟情景,分析计算了波流共同作用下泥沙悬浮特征、污染物释放动态过程及时空分布特征. 研究表明: 波流共同作用下,吸附态污染物及总污染物垂向分布与悬浮泥沙分布一致,波浪底部边界层的周期性振荡限制了从底部悬扬的泥沙向上部水体的扩散,在近床面存在梯度较大的高浓度层,在悬浮释放的初期,溶解态污染物的垂向分布规律与吸附态污染物一致,达到平衡后,沿垂向均匀分布.水流流速和波浪强度对泥沙悬浮释放污染物有着不同程度的影响,水流对泥沙及污染物的垂向分布影响明显,波浪的影响主要体现在床面附近形成高浓度含沙层和污染物层.     

Improving collaboration in the implementation of global biodiversity conventions

Eight conventions make up the biodiversity cluster of multilateral environmental agreements (MEAs) that provide the critical international legal framework for the conservation and sustainable use of nature. However, concerns about the rate of implementation of the conventions at the national level have triggered discussions about the effectiveness of these MEAs in halting the loss of biodiversity. Two main concerns have emerged: lack of capacity and resources and lack of coherence in implementing multiple conventions. We focused on the latter and considered the mechanisms by which international conventions are translated into national policy. Specifically, we examined how the Strategic Plan for Biodiversity 2011–2020 and the associated Aichi Biodiversity Targets have functioned as a unifying grand plan for biodiversity conservation. This strategic plan has been used to coordinate and align targets to promote and enable more effective implementation across all biodiversity-related conventions. Results of a survey of 139 key stakeholders from 88 countries suggests streamlining across ministries and agencies, improved coordination mechanisms with all relevant stakeholders, and better knowledge sharing between conventions could improve cooperation among biodiversity-related conventions. The roadmap for improving synergies among conventions agreed to at the 13th Convention on Biological Diversity's Conference of Parties in 2016 includes actions such as mechanisms to avoid duplication in national reporting and monitoring on conventions and capacity building related to information and knowledge sharing. We suggest the scientific community can actively engage and contribute to the policy process by establishing a science-policy platform to address knowledge gaps; improving data gathering, reporting, and monitoring; developing indicators that adequately support implementation of national plans and strategies; and providing evidence-based recommendations to policy makers. The latter will be particularly important as 2020 approaches and work to develop a new biodiversity agenda for the next decade is beginning.     

Effects of experience with access regimes on stewardship behaviors of small-scale fishers

Governance regimes that assign exclusive access to support collective action are increasingly promoted to manage common-pool resources under the premise that they foster environmental stewardship. However, experimental evidence linked to existing policies that support this premise is lacking. Overlapping access policies in small-scale fisheries provide a unique opportunity to test the effects of access regimes on users’ stewardship behaviors. We performed a lab-in-the-field experiment to assess how fishers’ previous experience with access regimes relates to compliance and peer enforcement (n = 120). Fishers’ compliance and peer-enforcement decisions were compared in a common-pool-resource game. Treatments differed in framing to represent exclusive access and pseudo-open access regimes, both of which fishers face in real life. To contrast behavior in the game with real-life observations, we compared fishers’ associations that have shown relatively high and low management performance under exclusive access policies. Compliance and peer enforcement were higher under the exclusive access treatment than under the pseudo-open access treatment only for fishers’ associations with high management performance in real life. Behaviors in the game reflected differences between associations in real life. Our results support previous research on ocean governance by experimentally assessing the role of access regimes in determining users’ stewardship and suggest potential mechanisms for stewardship internalization.     

Place‐based and data‐rich citizen science as a precursor for conservation action

Environmental education strategies have customarily placed substantial focus on enhancing ecological knowledge and literacy with the hope that, upon discovering relevant facts and concepts, participants will be better equipped to process and dissect environmental issues and, therefore, make more informed decisions. The assumption is that informed citizens will become active citizens––enthusiastically lobbying for, and participating in, conservation‐oriented action. We surveyed and interviewed and used performance data from 432 participants in the Coastal Observation and Seabird Survey Team (COASST), a scientifically rigorous citizen science program, to explore measurable change in and links between understanding and action. We found that participation in rigorous citizen science was associated with significant increases in participant knowledge and skills; a greater connection to place and, secondarily, to community; and an increasing awareness of the relative impact of anthropogenic activities on local ecosystems specifically through increasing scientific understanding of the ecosystem and factors affecting it. Our results suggest that a place‐based, data‐rich experience linked explicitly to local, regional, and global issues can lead to measurable change in individual and collective action, expressed in our case study principally through participation in citizen science and community action and communication of program results to personal acquaintances and elected officials. We propose the following tenets of conservation literacy based on emergent themes and the connections between them explicit in our data: place‐based learning creates personal meaning making; individual experience nested within collective (i.e., program‐wide) experience facilitates an understanding of the ecosystem process and function at local and regional scales; and science‐based meaning making creates informed concern (i.e., the ability to discern both natural and anthropogenic forcing), which allows individuals to develop a personalized prioritization schema and engage in conservation action.     

Design trade-offs in rights-based management of small-scale fisheries

Small-scale fisheries collectively have a large ecological footprint and are key sources of food security, especially in developing countries. Many of the data-intensive approaches to fishery management are infeasible in these fisheries, but a strategy that has emerged to overcome these challenges is the establishment of territorial user rights for fisheries (TURFs). In this approach, exclusive fishing zones are established for groups of stakeholders, which eliminates the race to fish with other groups. A key challenge, however, is setting the size of TURFs—too large and the number of stakeholders sharing them impedes collective action, and too small and the movement of target fish species in and out of the TURFs effectively removes the community's exclusive access. We assessed the size of 137 TURFs from across the globe relative to this design challenge by applying theoretical models that predict their performance. We estimated that roughly two-thirds of these TURFs were sized ideally to overcome the challenges posed by resource movement and fisher group size. However, for most of the remaining TURFs, all possible sizes were either too small to overcome the resource-movement challenge or too large to overcome the collective action challenge. Our results suggest these fisheries, which target mobile species in densely populated regions, may need additional interventions to be successful.     

高大模板支撑体系坍塌事故不安全行为原因分析

为预防高大模板支撑体系建筑施工坍塌事故的发生,选取2000-2016年间的31起高大模板支撑体系建筑施工坍塌事故案例,运用事故统计与分析方法,以行为安全“2-4”模型为理论依据,对31起事故中的不安全动作及其规律进行研究。研究表明:出现频次最高的事故等级为较大事故。一线作业人员因安全知识不足“不知道是否应该设置剪刀撑”引发不安全动作“剪刀撑数量不足或未设置剪刀撑”的发生率为71.43%,因安全意识缺乏“没意识到杆件距离过大给施工带来的危险”引发不安全动作“立杆间距和横杆步距过大”的发生率为78.57%;管理人员因安全意识缺乏“没意识到按规定进行安全交底的重要性”引发不安全动作“未进行安全技术交底”的发生率为78.57%,因不佳安全习惯“按照以前的方案习惯施工”引发不安全动作“未制定专项施工方案”的发生率为83.33%。因此,减少不安全动作的首要任务是加强一线作业人员违规操作的管理,企业在制定对策措施时,应从加强一线作业人员与管理人员的安全知识、安全意识和安全习惯入手,预防不安全动作的发生,进而有效预防事故。     

部分含J-型剂量-效应关系二元混合物的毒性效应(Toxicities of Binary Mixtures Including at Least One Component with J-Shaped Dose-Response Curve)

低剂量刺激高剂量抑制的Hormesis效应常常呈现J-型剂量-效应关系,如何评价Hormesis污染物及其混合物的毒性目前尚未解决.选择微板毒性分析法(Microplate Toxicity Analysis,MTA)获得的具有J-型剂量-效应关系的丙酮、乙腈及S-型剂量效应关系的二甲亚砜为混合物组分,以直接均分射线法构建丙酮-二甲亚砜(J-S型)、乙腈-二甲亚砜(J-S型)和丙酮-乙腈(J-J型)3个二元混合物体系,利用不同效应浓度水平下以浓度加和为参考模型的多个等效线图分析污染物的毒性变化规律.结果表明,所有二元混合物仍然具有J-型浓度-效应关系特征,除丙酮-乙腈二元混合体系在1个效应浓度水平下可能呈现协同特征外,其余二元混合物在不同效应浓度水平均表现为拮抗特征.     

环境混合物的联合毒性研究方法

人类和其他生物通过多重途径暴露于大量的环境污染物中。单一化合物由于其在环境中非常低的浓度使得人们忽视其可能的健康危害,然而,多种化合物在环境中同时存在,就意味着更加复杂的联合作用的可能性。Something from nothing现象引起了科学界对于环境混合物加和作用和潜在协同作用的关注,致使许多研究联合毒性的数学和生物模型的提出和应用。本文综述了这些研究方法,以及未来化学混合物研究和管理面临的挑战。