高大模板支撑体系坍塌事故不安全行为原因分析

为预防高大模板支撑体系建筑施工坍塌事故的发生,选取2000-2016年间的31起高大模板支撑体系建筑施工坍塌事故案例,运用事故统计与分析方法,以行为安全“2-4”模型为理论依据,对31起事故中的不安全动作及其规律进行研究。研究表明:出现频次最高的事故等级为较大事故。一线作业人员因安全知识不足“不知道是否应该设置剪刀撑”引发不安全动作“剪刀撑数量不足或未设置剪刀撑”的发生率为71.43%,因安全意识缺乏“没意识到杆件距离过大给施工带来的危险”引发不安全动作“立杆间距和横杆步距过大”的发生率为78.57%;管理人员因安全意识缺乏“没意识到按规定进行安全交底的重要性”引发不安全动作“未进行安全技术交底”的发生率为78.57%,因不佳安全习惯“按照以前的方案习惯施工”引发不安全动作“未制定专项施工方案”的发生率为83.33%。因此,减少不安全动作的首要任务是加强一线作业人员违规操作的管理,企业在制定对策措施时,应从加强一线作业人员与管理人员的安全知识、安全意识和安全习惯入手,预防不安全动作的发生,进而有效预防事故。     

基于差错分类框架辨识人为差错

为解决人因可靠性分析中的人为差错辨识问题,提出新的工作流程。在该流程中,由人为差错引导词引导,以自问自答方式开展差错辨识工作。针对动作和决策2种差错类型,分别设计差错基本分类框架。其中,动作差错基本分类框架包括5个差错大类,10个差错小类;决策差错基本分类框架包括2个差错大类,10个差错小类。这些差错小类可作为差错辨识过程中的引导词。通过2个实例,演示这2个框架在差错辨识过程中的作用。演示结果表明,在人为差错引导词引导下开展差错辨识工作,更容易保证差错辨识结果的全面性和一致性。     

危险化学品运输事故历史数据研究综述

系统地回顾国内外近20 a来的危险化学品运输事故历史数据分析的理论和方法,旨在为我国今后危险化学品运输风险研究提供指导。调研国内外危险化学品运输事故研究的历史数据来源,介绍该领域的主要研究方法及其发展过程,讨论现有研究内容及研究结果的共性和特征。发现现有研究主要集中于危险化学品的道路运输,侧重于分析运输事故的主要影响因素,经济损失、次生灾害及事故数与运输批次的关联方面的研究不足。提出要把事故后果的科学衡量作为未来的研究方向。     

煤矿安全监察五项工作机制研究与实践

国家煤矿安全监察体制建立十多年来,如何不断推进国家煤矿安全监察工作创新,全面体现国家煤矿安全监察的权威,充分发挥国家煤矿安全监察的作用,一直是各级煤矿安全监察机构和广大煤矿安全监察员努力探索的一个重大课题。近几年来,湖南煤监局紧密结合湖南煤矿安全监察工作的实际,积极探索,大胆创新,比较系统地建立健全了以"五项工作机制"为核心的煤矿安全监察工作创新体系,并在实践应用中取得了明显成效。     

Characterizing Spatial Uncertainty when Integrating Social Data in Conservation Planning

Recent conservation planning studies have presented approaches for integrating spatially referenced social (SRS) data with a view to improving the feasibility of conservation action. We reviewed the growing conservation literature on SRS data, focusing on elicited or stated preferences derived through social survey methods such as choice experiments and public participation geographic information systems. Elicited SRS data includes the spatial distribution of willingness to sell, willingness to pay, willingness to act, and assessments of social and cultural values. We developed a typology for assessing elicited SRS data uncertainty which describes how social survey uncertainty propagates when projected spatially and the importance of accounting for spatial uncertainty such as scale effects and data quality. These uncertainties will propagate when elicited SRS data is integrated with biophysical data for conservation planning and may have important consequences for assessing the feasibility of conservation actions. To explore this issue further, we conducted a systematic review of the elicited SRS data literature. We found that social survey uncertainty was commonly tested for, but that these uncertainties were ignored when projected spatially. Based on these results we developed a framework which will help researchers and practitioners estimate social survey uncertainty and use these quantitative estimates to systematically address uncertainty within an analysis. This is important when using SRS data in conservation applications because decisions need to be made irrespective of data quality and well characterized uncertainty can be incorporated into decision theoretic approaches.     

煤矿组织安全行为对个体不安全行为的作用机理研究

为了探究煤矿组织安全行为对个体不安全行为的作用机理,总结国内外相关研究成果,提出个体不安全行为包含心理、生理、技能3个影响因素,涵盖记忆、思维、情绪、意志、性格、气质、能力、态度、知识、专业操作技能10个方面。在此基础上,构建了组织安全行为对个体不安全行为的结构方程模型（SEM）,运用统计分析方法（AMOS17.0）进行了验证分析。结果显示态度、情绪、意志、能力、专业操作技能容易受组织安全行为的影响,而性格、气质等因素由于是个体相对稳定的心理特征,受组织安全行为影响相对较小。深入研究煤矿组织安全行为对个体不安全行为的作用机理,有利于煤矿从组织安全行为入手有针对性的制定行为干预方案并控制个体不安全行为。     

报废CRT中废铅回收的环境效益

为研究报废CRT(阴极射线管)中废铅回收的环境效益,基于治理成本法,从实际治理成本与虚拟治理成本两方面,分别对比研究了废铅单向流动模式与循环利用模式的环境影响. 废铅单向流动模式的环境影响被划分为铅矿开采的污染与生态破坏、粗铅冶炼污染、废铅掺混入建材后的污染,该模式中对废铅的实际治理成本与虚拟治理成本分别为329.20与1 322.56元/t,后者是前者的4倍;在废铅循环利用模式的2种典型工艺中,火法回收工艺对废铅的实际治理成本与虚拟治理成本分别为37.80与3.73元/t,湿法回收工艺的实际治理成本与虚拟治理成本分别为135.10与15.06元/t. 与湿法回收工艺对比,火法回收工艺的治理成本更低、环境效益更好,但其需要在粗铅冶炼阶段中将报废CRT锥玻璃与铅精矿按1∶4(质量比)进行搭配回收. 以典型火法回收与湿法回收工艺治理成本的平均值作为循环利用模式的环境治理成本,与单向流动模式相比,其实际治理成本与虚拟治理成本可分别节省242.75与1 313.16元/t,共节省废铅单向流动模式94.2%的环境治理总成本. 铅矿开采固体废物治理成本、铅矿开采生态破坏治理成本与废铅掺混入建材后产生的地下水污染的治理成本位居前三,三者分别占到了废铅单向流动模式环境治理总成本的47%、19%与17%.      

Compliance with recommended protective actions during an H7N9 emergency: a risk perception perspective

This study investigates the factors determining an individual's response to official recommended protective measures, based on the Health Belief Model and the Protective Action Decision Model, to understand the adoption of protective behaviour during an H7N9 (Avian Influenza A) emergency. A public survey involving 1,375 respondents was conducted in Anhui Province, China, during the 2013 H7N9 outbreak to test the research model and hypotheses. The results indicate that protective, stakeholder, and risk perceptions influence positively an individual's willingness to take recommended actions. Protective and stakeholder perceptions also have a positive bearing on lay people's risk perceptions. A stakeholder perception is a vital determinant of a protective perception. More importantly, the effects of protective and stakeholder perceptions on behavioural responses to recommendations are mediated in part by risk perception. These findings can help public health officials to develop messages to encourage members of the population to protect themselves effectively during an influenza crisis.     

Digital data sources and methods for conservation culturomics

Ongoing loss of biological diversity is primarily the result of unsustainable human behavior. Thus, the long-term success of biodiversity conservation depends on a thorough understanding of human–nature interactions. Such interactions are ubiquitous but vary greatly in time and space and are difficult to monitor efficiently at large spatial scales. However, the Information Age also provides new opportunities to better understand human–nature interactions because many aspects of daily life are recorded in a variety of digital formats. The emerging field of conservation culturomics aims to take advantage of digital data sources and methods to study human–nature interactions and thus to provide new tools for studying conservation at relevant temporal and spatial scales. Nevertheless, technical challenges associated with the identification, access, and analysis of relevant data hamper the wider adoption of culturomics methods. To help overcome these barriers, we propose a conservation culturomics research framework that addresses data acquisition, analysis, and inherent biases. The main sources of culturomic data include web pages, social media, and other digital platforms from which metrics of content and engagement can be obtained. Obtaining raw data from these platforms is usually desirable but requires careful consideration of how to access, store, and prepare the data for analysis. Methods for data analysis include network approaches to explore connections between topics, time-series analysis for temporal data, and spatial modeling to highlight spatial patterns. Outstanding challenges associated with culturomics research include issues of interdisciplinarity, ethics, data biases, and validation. The practical guidance we offer will help conservation researchers and practitioners identify and obtain the necessary data and carry out appropriate analyses for their specific questions, thus facilitating the wider adoption of culturomics approaches for conservation applications.     

Motivations for the use and consumption of wildlife products

The dominant approach to combating the illegal wildlife trade has traditionally been to restrict the supply of wildlife products. Yet conservationists increasingly recognize the importance of implementing demand-side interventions that target the end consumers in the trade chain. Their aim is to curb the consumption of wildlife or shift consumption to more sustainable alternatives. However, there are still considerable knowledge gaps in understanding of the diversity of consumer motivations in the context of illegal wildlife trade, which includes hundreds of thousands of species, different uses, and diverse contexts. Based on consultation with multiple experts from a diversity of backgrounds, nationalities, and focal taxa, we developed a typology of common motivations held by wildlife consumers that can be used to inform conservation interventions. We identified 5 main motivational categories for wildlife use: experiential, social, functional, financial, and spiritual, each containing subcategories. This framework is intended to facilitate the segmentation of consumers based on psychographics and allow the tailoring of interventions—whether behavior change campaigns, enforcement efforts, or incentive programs—to the specific context in which they will be used. Underlining the importance of consumer research and collaborating with local actors is an important step toward promoting a more systematic approach to the design of demand reduction interventions.