改性活性炭纤维吸附炸药废水中TNT实验研究

本文研究了改性活性炭纤维对炸药废水中TNT的吸附行为。研究表明:1 mol/L HNO3改性的活性炭纤维吸附效果最好,其对炸药废水中TNT的最佳吸附条件为:吸附剂用量为0.6 g/25 m L,吸附平衡时间为60 min,升温有利于吸附进行。Langmuir和Freundlich吸附等温线均能较好地描述活性炭纤维对TNT的吸附,吸附动力学分析表明,吸附过程遵循准二级动力学规律。     

固定化紫色非硫光合细菌降解活性艳红X-3B的研究

采用聚集－交联法固定化紫色非硫光合细菌用于处理活性艳红Ｘ－３Ｂ染液。比较紫色非硫光合细菌和固定化细胞的某些性质,２种细胞的反应最适温度均为３０－４０℃,固定化细胞的反应最适ｐＨ值范围较宽,为７．５－９．４,热稳定性较好。Ｃｕ（２＋）对２种细胞酶活力均有抑制作用;比较聚集－交联固定化细胞和海藻酸钠包埋固定化细胞的脱色能力,前者比后者酶活力较高,半衰期长,成本低,操作方法简单,易于工业化应用。     

微波强化Fenton/活性炭工艺处理制药废水的影响因素

为了研究微波强化Fenton/活性炭工艺处理高浓度制药废水的影响因素,以阜新某集团公司生产制药原料排出的废水为研究对象,利用静态实验,采用混凝-微波强化Fenton/活性炭工艺对高浓度制药废水进行实验。实验用水为100 mL、COD为576~1 440 mg/L的制药废水,当活性炭投加量为2 g,H2O2投加量为3/4Qth,pH值为5,微波辐照功率和时间分别为500 W和7 min时,COD去除率可达到92.6%,出水COD在42.6~106.6 mg/L范围内。实验结果表明,活性炭的投加量、H2O2的投加量、pH值、微波辐照功率和辐照时间对微波强化Fenton/活性炭工艺的处理效果影响都较显著。     

Integral assessment of estrogenic potentials in sediment-associated samples

Background, aim, and scope  The enzyme-linked receptor assay (ELRA) detects estrogenic and anti-estrogenic effects at the molecular level of receptor binding and is a useful tool for the integrative assessment of ecotoxicological potentials caused by hormonally active agents (HAA) and endocrine disrupting compounds (EDC). The main advantage of the ELRA is its high sample throughput and its robustness against cytotoxicity and microbial contamination. After a methodological adaptation to salinity of the ELRA, according to the first part of this study, which increased its salinity tolerance and sensitivity for 17-β-estradiol, the optimised ELRA was used to investigate 13 native sediments characterised by different levels of salinity and chemical contamination. The applicability of the ELRA for routine analysis in environmental assessment was evaluated. Salinity is often a critical factor for bioassays in ecotoxicological sediment assessment. Therefore, salinity of the samples was additionally adjusted to different levels to characterise its influence on elution and binding processes of receptor-binding substances. Materials and methods  The ELRA was carried out with the human estrogen receptor α (ER) in a 96-well microplate format using the experimental setup known from the competitive immunoassay based on ligand–protein interaction. It is an important improvement that a physiologically relevant receptor was used as a linking protein instead of an antibody. The microplates were coated with a 17-β-estradiol-BSA conjugate, and dilution series of estradiol and of native sediment samples were added and incubated with the ER. After a washing step, a biotinylated mouse anti-ER antibody was added to each well. Receptor binding to estradiol, agonistic and antagonistic receptor binding, were determined by a streptavidin-POD-biotin complex with subsequent measurement of the peroxidase activity at the wavelength of 450 nm using a commercial ELISA multiplate reader. The sediment elutriates and pore water samples of sediments were tested in a dilution series to evaluate at which dilution step the receptor-binding potential ends. In the elution process (see Section 2.1 to 2.2), a method was developed to adjust the salinity to the levels of the reference testings, which offers an appropriate option to adjust the salinity in both directions. Statistical evaluation was made with a combination of the Mann–Whitney U test and the pT-method. Results  This part of the study characterised the environmental factor ‘salinity’ for prospective applications of the ELRA. Using reference substances such as 17-β-estradiol, the ELRA showed sigmoid concentration-effect relations over a broad range from 0.05 μg/l to 100 μg/l under physiological conditions. After methodological optimisation, both sensitivity and tolerance of the assay against salinity could be significantly raised, and the ELRA became applicable under salinity conditions up to concentrations of 20.5‰. The mean relative inter-test error (n = 3) was around 11% with reference substances and below 5% for single sediments elutriates in three replicates each. For sediment testings, the pore water and different salinity-adjusted elutriates of 13 sediments were used. A clear differentiation of the receptor-binding potential could be reached by application of the pT-method. Thereby, pT-values from one to six could be assigned to the sediments, and the deviation caused by the different salinity conditions was one pT-value. The mean standard deviation in the salinity adaptation procedure of the elutriates was below 5%. Discussion  Although the ELRA has already been used for assessments of wastewater, sludge and soil, its applicability for samples to different salinity levels has not been investigated so far. Even if the ELRA is not as sensitive as the E-screen or the YES-assay, with regard to reference substances like 17-β-estradiol, it is a very useful tool for pre-screening, because it is able to integrate both estrogenic as well as anti-estrogenic receptor-binding effects. According to the results of sediment testing, and given the integrative power to detect different directions of effects, the ELRA shows sufficient sensitivity and salinity tolerance to discriminate receptor-binding potentials in environmental samples. Conclusions  The optimised ELRA assay is a fast, cost-effective, reliable and highly reproducible tool that can be used for high-throughput screening in a microplate format in detecting both estrogenic and anti-estrogenic effects. Additionally, the ELRA is robust against microbial contaminations, and is not susceptible towards cytotoxic interferences like the common cell-culture methods. The general applicability and sufficient sensitivity of the ELRA was shown in freshwater environments. Marine and brackish samples can be measured up to salinity levels of 20.5‰. Recommendations and perspectives  In view of the proven sensitivity, functionality and the fastness of the ELRA, it is recommendable to standardise the test method. At the moment, no adequate in vitro test procedure exists which is standardised to DIN or ISO levels. The E-screen and the yeast estrogen/androgen screens (YES/YAS) sometimes underlie strong cytotoxic effects, as reported in the first part of this study. Further development of an ELRA assay using human androgen receptors appears to be very promising to gain information about androgenic and anti-androgenic effects, too. This would offer a possibility to use the ELRA as a fast and reliable pre-screening tool for the detection of endocrine potentials, thus minimising time and cost-expensive animal experiments.     

一种活性污泥总DNA提取方法的优化

对3种活性污泥DNA提取方法———传统蛋白酶K-SDS-氯仿异戊醇法(CPSCI法)、液氮研磨法和脱腐处理法进行了对比,并针对CPSCI法从污泥量、保温时间、裂解方式及沉淀时间等4个方面进行了优化。结果表明,优化的蛋白酶K-氯仿-异戊醇法(OPSCI法)采用污泥量0.10 g、37℃静置10 min,加SDS常温旋涡振荡及异丙醇直接离心等条件可获得长度在23.1 kb左右的DNA,OD260nm/OD280nm为1.86,稀释10倍后即可进行16S rDNA PCR。该方法重复性好,提取得率高,纯度好,操作简便,为常规实验室开展活性污泥微生物多样性研究提供了帮助。     

Assessment of Integrated Pedestrian Protection Systems with Autonomous Emergency Braking (AEB) and Passive Safety Components

Objective: Autonomous emergency braking (AEB) systems fitted to cars for pedestrians have been predicted to offer substantial benefit. On this basis, consumer rating programs—for example, the European New Car Assessment Programme (Euro NCAP)—are developing rating schemes to encourage fitment of these systems. One of the questions that needs to be answered to do this fully is how the assessment of the speed reduction offered by the AEB is integrated with the current assessment of the passive safety for mitigation of pedestrian injury. Ideally, this should be done on a benefit-related basis.

The objective of this research was to develop a benefit-based methodology for assessment of integrated pedestrian protection systems with AEB and passive safety components. The method should include weighting procedures to ensure that it represents injury patterns from accident data and replicates an independently estimated benefit of AEB.

Methods: A methodology has been developed to calculate the expected societal cost of pedestrian injuries, assuming that all pedestrians in the target population (i.e., pedestrians impacted by the front of a passenger car) are impacted by the car being assessed, taking into account the impact speed reduction offered by the car's AEB (if fitted) and the passive safety protection offered by the car's frontal structure. For rating purposes, the cost for the assessed car is normalized by comparing it to the cost calculated for a reference car.

The speed reductions measured in AEB tests are used to determine the speed at which each pedestrian in the target population will be impacted. Injury probabilities for each impact are then calculated using the results from Euro NCAP pedestrian impactor tests and injury risk curves. These injury probabilities are converted into cost using “harm”-type costs for the body regions tested. These costs are weighted and summed. Weighting factors were determined using accident data from Germany and Great Britain and an independently estimated AEB benefit. German and Great Britain versions of the methodology are available. The methodology was used to assess cars with good, average, and poor Euro NCAP pedestrian ratings, in combination with a current AEB system. The fitment of a hypothetical A-pillar airbag was also investigated.

Results: It was found that the decrease in casualty injury cost achieved by fitting an AEB system was approximately equivalent to that achieved by increasing the passive safety rating from poor to average. Because the assessment was influenced strongly by the level of head protection offered in the scuttle and windscreen area, a hypothetical A-pillar airbag showed high potential to reduce overall casualty cost.

Conclusions: A benefit-based methodology for assessment of integrated pedestrian protection systems with AEB has been developed and tested. It uses input from AEB tests and Euro NCAP passive safety tests to give an integrated assessment of the system performance, which includes consideration of effects such as the change in head impact location caused by the impact speed reduction given by the AEB.     

催化氧化除锰活性滤料去除地下水中双酚A性能

以催化氧化除锰活性滤料(简称活性滤料)为研究对象,考察了地下水中锰污染对于活性滤料去除双酚A效能的影响.结果表明,进水中含有高浓度锰(5mg/L)时,会显著降低活性滤料对于双酚A的去除能力;同时,双酚A也会降低活性滤料对锰的去处能力.双酚A脱附实验结果表明,脱附的双酚A量不足双酚A去除总量的10％,且双酚A去除过程...     

TEMPERATURE AND THE PRODUCTIVITY-LIGHT RELATIONSHIP1

ABSTRACT: Seventy-three in situ primary productivity experiments over a six-month period in hypereutrophic Onondaga Lake near Syracuse, New York, demonstrated variations in the light saturation parameter, I_p, which in part describes the interaction between productivity and light. Substantial variations in I_p were observed (coefficient of variation = 60 percent). Variations in I_p were significantly correlated (greater than 99 percent confidence level) with temperature (°C). An Arrhenius-type relationship (I_p= 1.312 × 1.088 (^T-20)) accounted for approximately 37 percent of the variation in I_p and may be appropriate for other systems dominated by green algae.     

The review programme in the European Union for existing biocidal active substances—outcome of the notification process

The European Commission Biocidal Products Directive 98/8/EC lays down rules and procedures concerning the placing of biocidal products on the EU market. Based on the Directive, a First Review Regulation was adopted for the review of existing biocidal active substances. These substances had to be either identified or notified (two different processes) to the European Chemicals Bureau (ECB) by 28 March 2002. More than 1000 companies took part in the review programme. In total 953 different existing active substances were identified and 372 different substances were notified. This article presents an analysis of the notified substances regarding the number of notifications per substance, notifiers per substance and per Member State and number of notified substances per product type. The results are compared with data from former statistics.     

粉状活性炭在气浮工艺处理滇池水中的应用研究

粉状活性炭应用于气浮工艺中能发挥吸附和提供絮聚中心的协同作用 ,提高工艺效率。该工艺对滇池水的色度、COD、BOD及藻类的去除率分别达到 72 %、 57 2 %、 2 4 %和 97 6%。