基于PHB碳源驱动的同时硝化/反硝化除磷过程

构建厌氧/限氧曝气的序批式生物系统(A/OLASBR),以碳源偏低模拟城市污水为对象,在连续(CA)和间歇曝气(IA)模式下,研究以PHB为碳源驱动的同时硝化/反硝化除磷(SNDPR)过程,并考察了PHB、氧化还原电位(ORP)和pH值的变化规律与SNDPR持续稳定性之间的关系.结果表明,在恒定气量为40 L·h-1的CA模式下TN和TP去除率分别为79.9%和92.8%;而IA模式下曝气百分数(AF)和曝气频率(fIA)值为0.5和24时,TN与TP去除率分别为87.9%和93.5%,PHB降解速率平稳,ORP均值均化程度最好,ORP和pH值的稳定性最强.因此,低AF和高fIA的IA模式可缓冲PHB降解速率,均衡硝化与反硝化除磷速率,有利于SNDPR过程的持续稳定,且ORP均值的均化程度与ORP和pH值的稳定性可控制SNDPR过程的持续稳定.     

通风温度对生活垃圾生物干化脱水的影响

以高含水率生活垃圾为研究对象,研究了不同的通风温度(室温、40℃低温、55℃中温、65℃高温)对生物干化的影响。结果表明,通风温度变化对堆体温度影响较小;高温通风(65℃)能有效地降低垃圾含水率,但不利于有机物的降解,产物的挥发性固体(VS)和可生物降解物质(BDM)值最高,稳定度最低;经过15 d的干化作用,4组反应器垃圾含水率显著降低,水分去除率分别为77.99%,79.37%,79.85%,79.47%;另外还伴随着厨余和纸张的降解;通风温度与热值提升呈正相关关系,各组出料的湿基低位热值分别为7 202 kJ/kg,9 276.4 kJ/kg,9 358.5 kJ/kg,10 064 kJ/kg,分别提高了72.2%,122.7%,123.7%,140.6%。     

Treatability of volatile chlorinated hydrocarbon-contaminated soils of different textures along a vertical profile by mechanical soil aeration: A laboratory test

Mechanical soil aeration is a simple, effective, and low-cost soil remediation technology that is suitable for sites contaminated with volatile chlorinated hydrocarbons(VCHs). Conventionally, this technique is used to treat the mixed soil of a site without considering the diversity and treatability of different soils within the site. A laboratory test was conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of mechanical soil aeration for remediating soils of different textures(silty,clayey, and sandy soils) along a vertical profile at an abandoned chloro-alkali chemical site in China. The collected soils were artificially contaminated with chloroform(TCM) and trichloroethylene(TCE). Mechanical soil aeration was effective for remediating VCHs(removal efficiency 98%). The volatilization process was described by an exponential kinetic function.In the early stage of treatment(0–7 hr), rapid contaminant volatilization followed a pseudofirst order kinetic model. VCH concentrations decreased to low levels and showed a tailing phenomenon with very slow contaminant release after 8 hr. Compared with silty and sandy soils, clayey soil has high organic-matter content, a large specific surface area, a high clay fraction, and a complex pore structure. These characteristics substantially influenced the removal process, making it less efficient, more time consuming, and consequently more expensive. Our findings provide a potential basis for optimizing soil remediation strategy in a cost-effective manner.     

微生物燃料电池强化去除农药2,4-二氯苯氧乙酸及同步产电性能

研究了广泛应用的农药2,4-二氯苯氧乙酸(2,4-D)存在对微生物燃料电池(microbial fuel cell,MFCs)产电性能、污染物去除及微生物群落结构的影响,并探讨了阳极预曝气对2,4-D的强化去除及产电影响.结果表明,向以乙酸钠为燃料的双室型微生物燃料电池阳极室内加入2,4-D,会降低系统输出电压,降低功率密度,增加内阻.当300 mg·L~(-1)的2,4-D与乙酸钠(850 mg·L~(-1))共存时,与乙酸钠单基质相比,最大功率密度从0.151 W·m~(-2)迅速下降到0.057 W·m~(-2),内阻相应从524Ω增加到1 230Ω.为了加快系统中2,4-D的去除,减少其对产电菌的抑制效应,采用阳极预曝气6 h的运行方式,显著提高了2,4-D去除效率,同时获得了0.42~0.47 V的最高输出电压.2,4-D加入后MFC阳极微生物群落结构发生了变化,选择出了多种2,4-D降解菌及具有2,4-D耐受能力的产电菌.研究表明,可以通过阳极预曝气方式强化2,4-D去除的同时从MFCs系统回收电能.     

新型射流曝气技术对脱硫浆液的氧化特性研究

通过比较射流曝气与鼓风曝气的氧化效果及能耗,提出了臭氧协同空气射流曝气的一种新型湿法脱硫浆液强制氧化技术,并探究了其在氧化脱硫浆液方面的工业应用前景,讨论了O_3浓度与传输距离、进气量、浆液循环量、温度、pH和液面高度对脱硫浆液氧化特性的影响。实验结果表明:臭氧协同空气射流曝气、空气射流曝气、鼓风曝气对脱硫浆液的氧化率(η)和能耗(E)的关系分别为:η_1=1.270η_2=3.175η_3(其中η_2=2.500η_3)、E_1=0.747E_2=0.249E_3(其中E_2=0.333E_3),其工业应用前景良好;通过提高O_3浓度、进气量、浆液循环量与液面高度、缩短O_3传输距离等方式均能进一步提高亚硫酸盐的氧化效果,从而提高脱硫效率。     

不同曝气密度对CANON工艺启动的影响

在室温(25℃)下采用3组反应器R1、R2、R3,接种成熟厌氧氨氧化颗粒污泥,在总曝气量一定,曝停比为1的条件下,研究了不同曝气密度(3、6、12)对CANON工艺启动的影响.结果表明,R1、R2、R3分别经过32、29、23 d实现了CANON工艺成功的启动,较大的曝气密度有利于CANON工艺的启动; R1、R2、R3在周期实验中p H分别下降了0. 4、0. 55、1. 06,即在总曝气量一定的情况下,R3因其较大的曝气密度和合适的时间间隔,更有利于抑制NOB活性,使得系统对DO的利用率更高,提高了系统的脱氮性能;通过脱氮路径分析可得,系统中存在着ANA和SNA两种脱氮路径,SNA所占比重分别为19. 3%、24. 5%、33. 6%,随着曝气密度的提高,SNA贡献逐渐增大.     

Passive aeration composting of chicken litter: Effects of aeration pipe orientation and perforation size on losses of compost elements

A passive aeration composting study was undertaken to investigate the effects of aeration pipe orientation (PO) and perforation size (PS) on some physico-chemical properties of chicken litter (chicken manure + sawdust) during composting. The experimental set up was a two-factor completely randomised block design with two pipe orientations: horizontal (Ho) and vertical (Ve), and three perforation sizes: 15, 25 and 35 mm diameter. The properties monitored during composting were pile temperature, moisture content (MC), pH, electrical conductivity (EC), total carbon (C_T), total nitrogen (N_T) and total phosphorus (P_T). Moisture level in the piles was periodically replenished to 60% for efficient microbial activities. The results of the study showed that optimum composting conditions (thermophilic temperatures and sanitation requirements) were attained in all the piles. During composting, both PO and PS significantly affected pile temperature, moisture level, pH, C_T loss and P_T gain. EC was only affected by PO while N_T was affected by PS. Neither PO nor PS had a significant effect on the C:N ratio. A vertical pipe was effective for uniform air distribution, hence, uniform composting rate within the composting pile. The final values showed that PO of Ve and PS of 35 mm diameter resulted in the least loss in N_T. The PO of Ho was as effective as Ve in the conservation of C_T and P_T. Similarly, the three PSs were equally effective in the conservation of C_T and P_T. In conclusion, the combined effects of PO and PS showed that treatments Ve35 and Ve15 were the most effective in minimizing N_T loss.     

高含硫化氢原油除硫技术研究与应用

针对新疆油田分公司采油一厂车89井区高含硫的问题,分别对硫化氢成因、转化机理及除硫方式进行研究,开展了化学除硫工艺技术、负压闪蒸除硫工艺技术以及催化曝气除硫工艺技术现场试验。试验结果表明:采用负压闪蒸除硫工艺、催化曝气除硫工艺及化学除硫工艺(HCS-4除硫剂加药浓度约1×104 mg/L、作用80s)处理后,可将车89井区原油中硫化氢浓度降至安全阈限值15mg/m3以下。     

矿山废水中重金属离子在包气带中的吸附特征

受矿山废水排放的影响,金昌市地下水的污染物以重金属离子为主.同时金昌地区有着巨厚的包气带,其物质组成由砂砾石、亚粉土、亚粘土为主.本文在对污染组分进行取样分析的基础上,对包气带的吸附能力进行研究,结论认为其对重金属离子有着较强的吸附能力,可以有效降低地下水的污染水平.     

高频曝停下停曝时间对亚硝化颗粒污泥性能的影响

间歇曝气中停曝时间对于NOB的抑制是积累亚硝酸盐的关键,为探究曝气频次相同、停曝时间组合不同亚硝化颗粒污泥的稳定运行,在25～28℃,接种好氧颗粒污泥于SBR(R0)反应器中,通过间歇曝气与DO限制驯化为亚硝化颗粒污泥,采用3组规格相同的SBR反应器(R1、R2和R3)分析停曝时间组合(3 min∶3 min、4 min∶2 min和2 min∶4 min)对亚硝化颗粒污泥性能的影响.实验表明,R1、R2亚硝酸盐积累率较高,平均亚硝酸盐积累率分别为89%和95%,R3亚硝化性能较差,运行周期末期亚硝酸盐积累率仅为57%.结果表明,在停曝时间为2～4 min下,停曝时间越长,越有利于颗粒污泥结构的稳定,同时可保持良好的亚硝化性能;停曝时间小于2 min时,厌氧好氧交替的环境不能完全实现,致使其运行效果倾向于连续曝气,失去了间歇曝气的环境优势,NOB菌得不到抑制,颗粒污泥呈现解体的趋势,导致亚硝化性能恶化;此外,较长曝气时间会有助于不规则形状颗粒的发展,停曝时间越长,PN/PS值越高,有利于颗粒表面疏水性的增强,污泥沉降性能越好.