Distribution of Selected Soil and Water Conservation Practices in the U.S. as Identified with Google Earth

The proper representation of conservation practices on agricultural lands is an important factor in large‐scale assessments of water quality in the United States. Unfortunately, there are few publicly available data sources at the local level and even fewer at the national scale. In this research, randomly selected points within agricultural lands were examined for selected conservation practices using Google Earth aerial imagery by a team of interpreters. In total, 13,530 points had field boundaries digitized, and were subsequently examined and classified. The presence of terraces, grassed waterways, contour farming, center pivot irrigation, strip cropping, ponds, riparian vegetation, filter strips, and land cover were noted. Subjectivity among interpreters was evaluated using duplicate samples and was found to be similar to image misclassification rates in other research. Conservation practice adoption rates for selected major river basins compared favorably with data collected by the Conservation Effects Assessment Project. The frequency of occurrence of each conservation practice was summarized and presented by ecoregion. To facilitate future research, point level data and software source code developed in this research are available via the web at http://nlet.brc.tamus.edu/Conservation . Aerial imagery was found to be a powerful, inexpensive, and easily accessible tool to assess large‐scale conservation practice implementation for certain conservation practices.     

无人机载核辐射监测及气溶胶采样系统试验分析

利用旋翼式无人机平台挂载机载式γ谱仪、气溶胶采样器及相关监控设备,在稳定风场下开阔平坦场地,对特征金属颗粒物随炸药爆炸后形成的气溶胶进行空中烟云跟踪取样及巡测,测量环境核辐射水平。结果表明,通过8次爆炸物气溶胶跟踪采样,以及放射性点源探测试验,证实旋翼式无人机空中气溶胶取样及对辐射测量的可行性。     

基于贝叶斯网络的物流无人机失效风险评估*

为降低城市物流无人机（UAV）失效坠落风险,通过考虑其运行环境和系统故障等因素的影响,以城市物流无人机运行数据为基础,从系统故障、运行环境和人为因素3方面提取失效诱因;分析物流无人机失效模式,并构建意外坠落事故的贝叶斯网络;基于所建网络和失效诱因发生概率分别计算不同工况下意外坠落事故及各中间事件概率,并基于网络拓扑结构展开反向推理,推演事故的主要失效诱因。结果表明:物流无人机正常运行时发生安全事故的概率为6.54×10-3;其中,电池电量不足、桨叶失效和电池故障是坠落事故的主要诱因,计算结果可为无人机运行安全风险防控提供依据。     

浅谈航拍技术在油气田土地管理中的应用

利用航拍技术与GIS（GeographicInformationSystem,地理信息系统,简称GIS）技术相结合,通过对航拍照片的校正、DEM（DigitalElevationModel,数字高程模型,简称DEM）高程数据提取、占地面积与土地利用状况分析、土地复垦方案的编制、土方量的测算等,探讨了航拍技术在油气田土地管理工作中的应用。     

基于特征基元的航空遥感海域使用信息提取技术研究

近年来,随着沿海经济的发展,海域使用状况日新月异,传统的人工监测已经不能满足海域使用变化的需求.如何快速、实时了解我国沿海海域使用现状,为政府管理部门提供管理、决策依据,是一个亟待解决的问题.航空遥感因其快速、灵活、宏观等特点被应用到海域使用动态监视监测中来.本文在充分了解归纳国内外高分辨率遥感信息提取技术的基础上,研究了适合航空遥感数据信息提取技术和方法,并将其应用到海域使用动态监视监测中.     

On‐target deposition of aerially applied deltamethrin

Abstract

The mean amount of deltamethrin deposited on natural substrates (i.e., soil and vegetation) in three experiments was 63, 73, and 76% of applied. Composite samples taken from 16 sites/replicate gave representative and repeatable measures of deposition. The use of Teflon discs as artificial targets to measure aerial deposition was investigated. The discs had only 34–71% mean trapping efficiency for the spray droplets. Deposition was quite variable among different sampling sites within a field (CV=73–83%). Much of this variation was caused by irregular overlapping of spray swaths.     

INFLUENCE OF REMOTE SENSING IMAGERY SOURCE ON QUANTIFICATION OF RIPARIAN LAND COVER/LAND USE1

ABSTRACT: This paper compares approaches to quantifying land cover/land use (LCLU) in riparian corridors of 23 watersheds in Oregon's Willamette Valley using color infrared aerial photography (AP) and Thematic Mapper (TM) imagery. For each imagery source, LCLU adjacent to stream networks were quantified across a range of lateral and longitudinal scales. Single‐date AP data had higher LCLU class accuracies than the multi‐date TM data, except for row crops. Correlations among LCLU classes for the two imagery sources increased with increased spatial extent. In general, LCLU proportions for AP and TM differed, but lateral/longitudinal patterns were similar. An aggregated vegetation class comprised of forest, shrub/scrub, and grass/forb was strongly associated with a fish index of biotic integrity (IBI) for both AP and TM data, although AP correlations were higher. Highest fish IBI correlations for both data sources were with the aggregated vegetation class close to the stream and for the longest longitudinal scales. The row crop class was strongly associated with stream nitrate for both data sources, although correlations for the TM data were higher. Stream nitrate correlations were strongest for the widest lateral and longest longitudinal scales. Overall, both single‐date AP and multi‐date TM imagery appear to have potential for use in estimating indicators of stream ecological condition.     

Computer-aided classification of forest cover types from small scale aerial photography

The US National Park Service must map forest cover types over extensive areas in order to fulfill its goal of maintaining or reconstructing presettlement vegetation within national parks and monuments. Furthermore, such cover type maps must be updated on a regular basis to document vegetation changes. Computer-aided classification of small scale aerial photography is a promising technique for generating forest cover type maps efficiently and inexpensively. In this study, seven cover types were classified with an overall accuracy of 62 percent from a reproduction of a 1120,000 color infrared transparency of a conifer-hardwood forest. The results were encouraging, given the degraded quality of the photograph and the fact that features were not centered, as well as the lack of information on lens vignetting characteristics to make corrections. Suggestions are made for resolving these problems in future research and applications. In addition, it is hypothesized that the overall accuracy is artificially low because the computer-aided classification more accurately portrayed the intermixing of cover types than the hand-drawn maps to which it was compared.     

离子地质学——研究地壳中离子运动及其与围岩的相互作用

地壳中存在离子 ,也存在电压。构造应力带中 ,电压比四周高 ,离子迁移快 ,它们与围岩的化学反应强烈。其结果是产生岩石矿物蚀变和地球化学元素重新分布。航空γ能谱测量能较全面精确地反映U、Th、K的重新分布情况 ,是离子地质学的主要研究手段。根据U、Th、K的分布特征带与断裂等构造带无确定关系 ,我们假定生成它们的构造应力不同 ,生成前者的叫离子运动应力 ,生成后者的叫机械运动应力。离子运动应力集中区 ,对成矿有利 ,这种应力集中是必需的全球性的控矿因素 ,而岩石矿物、构造是有条件的局部性控矿因素 ,因此化探找矿效果好 ,地质成矿模式找矿效果差。离子运动应力带交织成应力网 ,应力网就是天然“化工”网 ,网的有利部位形成资源 ,构成资源网。通过研究放射性元素的单元素异常和组合异常的分布规律及它们与非放射性化探异常的关系来查明资源网 ,从而编制国土资源规划利用图。建立航空数字地球 ,航空数字月球和其他航空数字星球 ,能调查评价这些天体的资源和研究它们的构造运动。     

CHANGING NEAR‐STREAM LAND USE AND RWER CHANNEL MORPHOLOGY IN THE VENEZUELAN ANDES1

ABSTRACT: The shape of a river channel is linked to surrounding land use through interacting hydrologic and geologic processes. This study analyzes the relationship between the change in near‐stream land use and the shape of the adjacent river channel over time. Three watersheds in the foothills of the Venezuelan Andes that have experienced differing degrees of development were studied to determine river channel width, sinuosity, and position relative to surrounding land use. Change in land use over time was obtained from multiple‐date aerial photographs (1946 and 1980) referenced to 1996 Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) satellite imagery, and verified by field inspection. Measurements of land‐use type and amount and river channel morphology from the two dates were made using geographic information system (GIS) methods. The three watersheds differed in the extent of deforestation, the location of remaining forested land, and how much land‐use change had already occurred by 1946. Change in river channel morphology was greatest at the most deforested sites. Valley shape and channel constraint also had a discernible effect on change in channel morphology. This study introduces a method for analyzing change in coupled terrestrial‐aquatic systems based on multiple‐date, remotely sensed data and GIS analysis of spatial properties. The results document human impacts on river channels through a comparison of multiple watersheds over a 35‐year time interval.