Simulation of long-term nutrient removal in a full-scale closed-loop bioreactor for sewage treatment: an example of Bayesian inference

In this study, the performance of nitrogen and phosphorus removal in a full-scale closed-loop bioreactor (oxidation ditch) system was simulated using the ASM2d model. Routine data describing the process for two years were compiled for calibration and validation. To overcome the identifiability problem, the classic Bayesian inference approach was utilized for parameter estimation. The calibrated model could describe the long-term trend of nutrient removal and short-term variations of the process performance, showing that the Bayesian method was a reliable and useful tool for the parameter estimation of the activated sludge models. The anoxic phosphate uptake by polyphosphate accumulating organisms (PAO) contributed 71.2% of the total Poly-P storage, which reveals the dominance of denitrifying phosphorus removal process under the oxygen limiting conditions. It was found that 58.7% of the anoxic Poly-P storage and denitrification by PAO in the reactor was achieved in the aerated compartment, implying that the PAO’s anoxic activity was significantly stimulated by the low dissolved oxygen (DO) level in this compartment due to the oxygen gradient caused by brush aerator.     

NaCl对好氧颗粒污泥短程硝化反硝化的影响

利用SBR(序批式反应器)研究了不同ρ(NaCl)、曝气时间、ρ(COD_Cr)、进水ρ(NH₄+-N)对AGS(好氧颗粒污泥)短程硝化反硝化的影响. 结果表明,在pH、温度和ρ(DO)为8.0、30 ℃和3 mg/L条件下,以及ρ(NaCl)、曝气时间、ρ(COD_Cr)和ρ(NH₄+-N)为20 g/L、8 h、600 mg/L和70 mg/L时,η_A(NH₄+-N去除率)和NAR(NO₂--N积累率)达到最佳. 当进水ρ(NaCl)为10 g/L时,NOB(亚硝酸盐氧化菌)被完全抑制,AOB(氨氧化菌)能够保持正常活性. ρ(COD_Cr)较高时能够促进NAR的提高. 经过116 d的培养,AGS短程硝化反硝化的耐盐极限为50 g/L,此时η_A小于50%,AOB被严重抑制,AGS丧失硝化能力. AGS的同步硝化反硝化作用明显,SND(同步硝化反硝化率)平均值为24.2%,SNDV(同步硝化反硝化比速率)平均值为0.63 h-1,低ρ(DO)比高ρ(DO)下的SND同步硝化反硝化作用更为明显.      

异养硝化-好氧反硝化菌脱氮同时降解苯酚特性

研究了异养硝化-好氧反硝化菌Diaphorobacter sp. PDB3去除氨氮同时降解苯酚的特性.在最佳碳氮比7和摇床转速160r/min下,该菌在21h内对初始浓度365mg/L苯酚的降解率达94.9%,总有机碳去除率达90.8%,同时40mg N/L氨氮被完全去除,中间代谢物硝态氮和亚硝态氮逐渐积累并在后期降低.氮平衡分析表明,52.3%的氨氮转化为胞内氮,37.2%转化为氮气,菌株主要通过细胞同化作用和异养硝化-好氧反硝化作用去除氨氮.检测到羟胺氧化酶、硝酸还原酶及亚硝酸还原酶活性,表明菌株PDB3具有完整的异养硝化-好氧反硝化偶联途径.随着苯酚浓度升高,抑制作用增强,脱氮效率降低.     

输氧抽气技术在垃圾填埋场治理中的关键参数试验研究

输氧抽气技术是基于好氧降解原理对垃圾填埋场中固体废弃物实施原位处理的先进环保技术。采用该技术对垃圾填埋场中固体废弃物减量化研究,总结了技术应用中的关键参数:有效影响半径,最佳真空度等。结果表明抽气流量大小与影响半径密切相关,抽气影响半径建议取20~25 m,抽气系统最优负压为20 k Pa,同时在技术应用过程中应保证垃圾场表层覆盖层的密封性能,尽量减少空气的渗入。输氧抽气技术在垃圾场的成功实施为同类型场地治理提供工程技术参考。     

Advanced purification and comprehensive utilization of yellow phosphorous off gas

Yellow phosphorous is an important raw material in the chemical industry. However, during the production of yellow phosphorous, high concentrations of carbon monoxide and other impurities are released. Without appropriate purification and removal, this off gas has potential to cause severe pollution problems once released. Purified yellow phosphorous off gas can be beneficially reused as a raw material in chemical production for synthesis of high value-added chemical reagents. In this paper, the significance of purification and reutilization of yellow phosphorous off gas are explored. The principles, processes, and main characteristics of the technologies for purification and reuse of yellow phosphorus off gas (including technical measurements of impurity reduction, relevant engineering cases, and public acceptance of the technologies) are summarized. In view of the existing problems and scientific development requirements, this paper proposes several recommendations for green production based on the concept of recycle economics. We conclude that advanced purification and comprehensive reutilization can be an effective solution for heavy pollution resulting from yellow phosphorous off gassing.     

一种污泥半静态强制通风堆肥系统的设计

为了提高堆肥效率,设计了一套半静态强制通风堆肥系统,并对其进行了堆肥应用试验。研究表明,该堆肥系统各部件设计较为合理,堆肥实验进程顺利,升温迅速,通风、保温等系统运行良好,堆肥产品腐熟度较好,性质稳定。     

土壤中两种手性有机氯农药的选择性降解研究

为了更深入的了解和阐释手性有机氯农药在土壤中的转化和环境归趋,采用实验室室内避光培养方法,研究了o,p＇-DDT及o,p＇-DDD 2种手性有机氯农药的外消旋体在水稻土厌氧培养体系和菜园土好氧培养体系中的选择性降解情况。为了更好的利用土壤中土著微生物的活性,我们选择了厌氧微生物比较丰富的水稻土和好氧微生物丰度比较高的菜园土来做培养实验。结果表明实验体系中o,p＇-DDT及o,p＇-DDD在水稻土和菜园土中的降解均没有明显的对映体选择性。这一结果与2种手性化合物不同对映体在自然环境中的含量普遍具有差异性有所不同,说明野外环境条件和室内模拟实验条件的差异会影响手性化合物的降解选择性。在2种体系中,o,p＇-DDT的降解速率均高于o,p＇-DDD的降解速率。这与以前的研究报道一致,DDD比DDT更难降解。通过2个体系的比较,发现DDT的降解速率在厌氧体系中高于好氧体系,而DDD的降解速率与之相反,好氧体系高于厌氧体系。这应该与DDT和DDD 2种化合物的化学结构及2种土壤中微生物群落的差异有关。对于厌氧体系中的2种水稻土,采自中山的水稻土中DDT的降解速率高于江门的水稻土,这应该与中山水稻土有机质含量高于江门的水稻土有关。有机质含量的高低直接反映了土壤中微生物的多少,进而会影响污染物的降解速率。研究发现本实验所用水稻土和菜园土总有机碳含量偏低可能是影响2种化合物的对映体无降解选择性的因素之一。此外,由于本研究采用缓冲溶液将pH 调控在中性,因此本文的土壤 pH 对降解选择性的影响仍有待进一步研究。本研究中好氧体系和厌氧体系对目标物的降解选择性无明显差异。     

6种挥发性有机物在甲苯驯化微生物中的好氧生物降解性能

利用振荡摇瓶法测定了6种典型挥发性有机物,甲苯、邻二甲苯、间二甲苯、对二甲苯、苯和氯苯在甲苯驯化微生物中的好氧生物降解性能.结果表明,在本研究的液相浓度范围内(甲苯＜174mg/L,邻二甲苯＜149mg/L,间二甲苯＜129mg/L,对二甲苯＜133mg/L,苯＜234mg/L,氯苯＜146mg/L),3种二甲苯、苯和氯苯的降解速率随其初始浓度的增大而增加,符合一级反应,这5种VOCs未对微生物产生明显的抑制或毒害作用;甲苯的液相浓度大于85mg/L时,其降解速率不随初始浓度的增大而改变,其降解规律符合Monod方程.     

不同水域凤眼莲厌氧发酵产甲烷研究

采集滇池白山湾、滇池草海、太湖(武进段水域)以及江苏省农科院2号塘生长的凤眼莲,进行了批式厌氧发酵对比试验研究.结果发现,凤眼莲的产气潜力和水体氮磷水平有关系.水体氮磷浓度最高的滇池草海凤眼莲产气量最高,为390mL/gTS(498mL/gVS);水质最好的滇池白山湾的凤眼莲产气量最低,为289mL/gTS(334mL/gVS).白山湾凤眼莲的纤维素、半纤维素和粗蛋白等组分的降解率均最低.4个水体凤眼莲产生的有机酸均以乙酸和丙酸为主,草海凤眼莲发酵产生的有机酸浓度最高,可达2466mg/L,白山湾凤眼莲最低,仅为915mg/L.研究发现水体氮、磷浓度影响凤眼莲化学组分含量的差异及结构组成(根冠比),可能是影响凤眼莲厌氧生物降解性能及产气量差异的主要因素.     

Biodegradation of paclobutrazol by a microbial consortium isolated from industrially contaminated sediment

Biodegradability of the plant growth retardant paclobutrazol by a microbial consortium in which Pseudomonas was the predominant strain was investigated in batch culture. The consortium which had been isolated from an industrially contaminated sediment was proven to be useful for the treatment of effluents containing paclobutrazol. Paclobutrazol was degraded by the pure isolated strain of Pseudomonas sp. as well as the microbial consortium. Paclobutrazol was utilized as the sole source of carbon and energy. Sixty percent of the paclobutrazol was degraded by the microbial consortium from an initial concentration of 54 mg L^?1 within 48 h and more than 98% of an initial concentration of 3.4 mg L^?1 was degraded within 36 h. The optimum temperature and pH were determined to be 30°C and 7.0, respectively. A pure strain of a bacterium, isolated from the enrichment culture was identified as Pseudomonas sp. The microbial consortium was tolerant of high pH and could degrade paclobutrazol faster than the pure strain. The degradation rate of this plant growth regulator in an aerobic environment was greater than that under anaerobic conditions.