Comparison of 85Kr and 3H Apparent Ground‐Water Ages for Source Water Vulnerability in the Collyer River Catchment,Maine1

Abstract: Apparent ground‐water ages as determined by the noble gas isotope ⁸⁵Kr and the water isotope ³H are compared. Refined gas extraction methodology at the wellhead permits efficient collection of Kr for ⁸⁵Kr isotope enrichment. ⁸⁵Kr isochrones elucidate areas of much younger ground‐water ages than ³H. Declining ³H activities in the catchment prevent its correlation with the youngest measured ⁸⁵Kr ages. Source water for most drinking water supplies in the Collyer River catchment is recharged within 40 years BP (2004). Mean‐age (τ) transport modeling suggests uncertainty of ground‐water ages is greatest in the central basin area.     

Adaptive-filtering of trisomy 21: risk of Down syndrome depends on family size and age of previous child

The neonatal incidence rate of Down syndrome (DS) is well-known to accelerate strongly with maternal age. This non-linearity renders mere accumulation of defects at recombination during prolonged first meiotic prophase implausible as an explanation for DS rate increase with maternal age, but might be anticipated from chromosomal drive (CD) for trisomy 21. Alternatively, as there is selection against genetically disadvantaged embryos, the screening system that eliminates embryos with trisomy 21 might decay with maternal age. In this paper, we provide the first evidence for relaxed filtering stringency (RFS) to represent an adaptive maternal response that could explain accelerating DS rates with maternal age. Using historical data, we show that the proportion of aberrant live births decrease with increased family size in older mothers, that inter-birth intervals are longer before affected neonates than before normal ones, and that primiparae exhibit elevated levels of DS incidence at higher age. These findings are predicted by adaptive RFS but cannot be explained by the currently available alternative non-adaptive hypotheses, including CD. The identification of the relaxation control mechanism and therapeutic restoration of a stringent screen may have considerable medical implications.     

生物活性炭工艺深度处理丹江口水库水的中试

活性炭过滤是饮用水深度处理的重要工艺,其中滤速、炭层高度、温度和炭龄是影响活性炭滤池运行效果的关键因素. 以丹江口水库水为处理对象,以混凝-沉淀-砂滤出水作为炭滤池进水,以高锰酸盐指数和UV₂₅₄去除率为评价指标,考察2011年4月—2013年5月取自北京某水厂的新炭、1年炭、3年炭和5年炭(2011年5月时炭龄)对水中有机物的去除效果. 结果表明,随着滤速的增大,有机物去除率降低;活性炭炭柱滤速为8 m/h时,高锰酸盐指数和UV₂₅₄去除率分别为41.9%和41.2%,能够获得较好的处理效果. UV₂₅₄去除率随总炭层高度的增大而增大. 随着炭层高度的增加,单位高度活性炭滤料对UV₂₅₄的去除率降低.夏季高温期,1年炭对高锰酸盐指数和UV₂₅₄的去除率分别为44.2%~57.4%和38.5%~53.1%,高于其在冬季低温期的去除率(38.9%~51.1%和31.7%~45.5%). 活性炭在使用初期,主要依靠吸附作用去除有机物;随着使用年限的增长,活性炭的生物载体作用日益明显,生物作用占主导地位,炭龄对有机物去除效果的影响变小,不同炭龄活性炭的处理效果差异不大,可适当延长活性炭的使用年限,降低处理成本.      

地下水年龄在地下水研究中的应用研究进展

近些阜,同位素和示踪技术广泛地应用于地下水研究中,其中以对地下水定年的研究尤为突出.本文通过研究国内外大量的研究实例,分析得出地下水年龄在评价地下水更新能力,正确认识地下水运动和溶质迁移规律,以及约束地下水模型参数等方面具有重要作用;同对指出地下永定年不仅受到地下水混合作用、气-水-岩作用等自然因素的影响,还受到人类活...     

晚更新世长江中下游沙山和黄土物质来源研究

风成沉积物的产生、搬运和沉积过程是地球各圈层相互作用的产物。晚更新世末次冰期时,长江中下游广泛分布沙山和黄土,对于它们是远源搬运而来,还是近源堆积一直存有争议。对青山、九江、定山和红光这些典型沙山和黄土剖面进行碎屑锆石U-Pb年龄分析,获得346个新数据结果,将其与潜在物源区的碎屑锆石U-Pb年龄进行对比,结合这些地层的沉积时代和区域内已报道的物源示踪结果,发现在末次冰期青山沙山和九江黄土的碎屑锆石来自近源的江汉平原,定山沙山和红光黄土的碎屑锆石来自赣江。长江中下游沙山和黄土的发育属于河流搬运的碎屑物质被东亚冬季风吹拂和高大地形阻挡发生沉积的模式。     

大连市居民头发典型重金属富集特征研究

测定了大连市居民102份头发样品中Pb、Cd、Hg、As等重金属含量,评估了其暴露风险,并对头发中重金属的含量与年龄、性别的关系进行了分析.结果表明,大连市居民头发中Pb、Cd、Hg、As含量均低于中国居民头发中重金属的建议正常值上限,4种重金属暴露风险较低.男性头发中Cd、Pb和As的平均含量明显高于女性(p0.05),其中As平均含量差异达到极显著水平(p0.01).PCA分析显示样本分布集中在第一排序轴和第二排序轴中间,表明性别并不是影响头发中重金属含量的主要因素.19～35岁年龄组居民头发中Cd和Pb含量最高,且均与56～75岁年龄组呈现显著差异(p0.05);As和Hg在56～75岁年龄组居民头发中含量最高,与其它组比较均达到了显著水平(p0.05).PCA和Pearson分析表明4种重金属间相关性较好,大连市居民对4种重金属暴露途径基本相同.     

浙江天台山茶树光合日变化及光响应

自然条件下使用LCA－4型便携式光合测定系统研究了栽培天天台山主峰华顶山的茶树连体叶片的光合日变化及光响应。结果表明：在初夏晴天,上年越冬叶片（下称二年生叶）的光合速率,表观量子效率,羧化效率和饱和光强比展叶红16d的一年生叶高,CO2补偿点和光补偿点比一年生叶低,两者的净光合速率日进程曲线均为“双峰”型,午间胞间CO2浓度上升表明,此时净光合速率下降主要受非气孔限制因素的影响。一年生叶蒸腾速率高于二年生叶,它们日进程曲线为单峰河,午间最高,而气孔阻力进间最低。不同时段作光响应和CO2响应试验表明,上午茶树的表观量子效率,饱和光强和羧化效率较高,光补偿点和CO2补偿点较低。图3表4参26     

植被混凝土无侧限抗压强度的室内试验初探

通过对植被混凝土室内试验结果的归纳和分析,研究了水泥掺入比、龄期和浸水条件对植被混凝土无侧限抗压强度的影响。     

三峡库区水质和水龄数值模拟研究

三峡水库是我国重要的生态屏障和水资源战略储备库,保护水库的水质安全对于国家经济发展和社会稳定具有重要战略意义.本文基于EFDC模型模拟了2010—2014年三峡库区及主要支流的水动力水质过程,重点研究上游来水和重点支流对库区水质的影响及水龄变化特征,结果表明：①模型可定量研究重点支流输入对库区水质的影响,17条支流中仅金沙江、嘉陵江、乌江和木洞河对库区水质贡献率较大,其他支流总体贡献率小于1%;各支流对库区氨氮、COD和TP的贡献率沿程呈下降趋势,其中,上游来水（金沙江）对库区水质影响最大,高于65%.②丰水期嘉陵江和木洞河对库区水质的贡献率较枯水期增加,增加幅度为4%~23%,主要表现为水质指标氨氮和TP的增加,研究结果可为库区支流富营养化方面的研究提供科学依据.③2010—2014年除寸滩外,干流其他断面水龄呈缓慢增长趋势,干流水龄和各支流河口水龄都呈现上游至坝前的增长趋势,在枯水期和平水期尤为明显;库区水龄与流量和水位存在定量关系,支流河口水龄与支流本身流量也有一定关系.     

Performance of IUCN proxies for generation length

One of the criteria used by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) to assess threat status is the rate of decline in abundance over 3 generations or 10 years, whichever is longer. The traditional method for calculating generation length (T) uses age‐specific survival and fecundity, but these data are rarely available. Consequently, proxies that require less information are often used, which introduces potential biases. The IUCN recommends 2 proxies based on adult mortality rate, age" src="//wol-prod-cdn.literatumonline.com/cms/attachment/c307a18c-33b9-43a9-a12f-10da03cbfe9c/cobi12901-math-0001.png"> = α + 1/d, and reproductive life span, age" src="//wol-prod-cdn.literatumonline.com/cms/attachment/6b7ad3d4-4c57-47d3-ac60-cb146faa1d18/cobi12901-math-0002.png"> = α + z^*RL, where α is age at first reproduction, d is adult mortality rate, RL is reproductive life span, and z is a coefficient derived from data for comparable species. We used published life tables for 78 animal and plant populations to evaluate precision and bias of these proxies by comparing age" src="//wol-prod-cdn.literatumonline.com/cms/attachment/a3944e32-211a-4368-9318-62ccc80ebd8e/cobi12901-math-0003.png"> and age" src="//wol-prod-cdn.literatumonline.com/cms/attachment/02e49f3b-ad9f-4164-bf9d-4815735d997c/cobi12901-math-0004.png"> with true generation length. Mean error rates in estimating T were 31% for age" src="//wol-prod-cdn.literatumonline.com/cms/attachment/781cc5c4-d02b-4e2f-a923-e41e93799f13/cobi12901-math-0005.png"> and 20% for age" src="//wol-prod-cdn.literatumonline.com/cms/attachment/ca84e7d9-783b-4ba7-93a5-474b9d9ee089/cobi12901-math-0006.png">, but error rates for age" src="//wol-prod-cdn.literatumonline.com/cms/attachment/639563ba-a591-4d2e-86e9-85303f9c7e02/cobi12901-math-0007.png"> were 16% when we subtracted 1 year ( age" src="//wol-prod-cdn.literatumonline.com/cms/attachment/001dd175-208c-4504-831c-be4ba2de55cc/cobi12901-math-0008.png"> ), as suggested by theory; age" src="//wol-prod-cdn.literatumonline.com/cms/attachment/371b900d-afb9-4087-adc8-6ba6ea28225b/cobi12901-math-0009.png"> also provided largely unbiased estimates regardless of the true generation length. Performance of age" src="//wol-prod-cdn.literatumonline.com/cms/attachment/0767b0a9-fc56-48a7-8446-5a1f8a3b9b4c/cobi12901-math-0010.png"> depends on compilation of detailed data for comparable species, but our results suggest taxonomy is not a reliable indicator of comparability. All 3 proxies depend heavily on a reliable estimate of age at first reproduction, as we illustrated with 2 test species. The relatively large mean errors for all proxies emphasized the importance of collecting the detailed life‐history information necessary to calculate true generation length. Unfortunately, publication of such data is less common than it was decades ago. We identified generic patterns of age‐specific change in vital rates that can be used to predict expected patterns of bias from applying age" src="//wol-prod-cdn.literatumonline.com/cms/attachment/c1328960-49fe-4042-a8c5-caa5902cce22/cobi12901-math-0011.png">.