膜生物反应器(MBR)处理青霉素废水试验研究

在系统分析青霉素废水水质的基础上,研究了膜生物反应器工艺处理青霉素废水时的启动特点及影响因素,得到进水CODCr容积负荷应控制在5～8kgm3·d,污泥浓度在7～12gL之间运行较为合适。     

不同物理清洗方式对一体式膜生物反应器过滤特性的影响

通过考察一体式膜生物反应器运行过程中的膜污染情况和不同物理清洗方式减缓膜污染的效果,研究造成膜污染的原因和控制膜污染的方法.结果表明:膜外表面沉积污泥是造成膜污染的主要因素.空曝气减轻膜污染的作用有限,只能将归一化膜比通量从0.26提高到0.39;在活性污泥混合液中搓洗膜丝可以清除膜外表面沉积污泥层,可将归一化膜比通量从0.29提高到0.64,是一种方便而有效的清洗方式,且可在实际生产中实现.间歇式运行方式的停抽期间,最低剩余抽吸压力可以用来表征运行过程中膜过滤性能的变化.      

膜生物反应器在水处理中的研究及应用

膜生物反应器(MBR)是通过膜强化生化反应的水处理新技术.本文对MBR的特点、应用类型、水处理机理进行了阐述;综述了该技术在国内外的研究进展以及应用现状;并对MBR存在的问题与应用前景作了讨论,MBR有望在新世纪成为传统水处理方法的一种替代工艺.     

在线超声清洗对膜生物反应器污泥混合液特性的影响

采用低功率超声波实现了膜生物反应器中膜污染的在线超声清洗,考察在线超声清洗对污泥混合液特性的影响。结果表明:在线超声清洗能有效控制膜污染,但也会导致污泥浓度和污泥活性降低,混合液过滤性能变差,上清液有机物浓度上升,污泥絮体结构破解。污泥混合液特性的恶化必然会影响膜生物反应器的稳定运行,不利于膜污染的控制。为了避免混合液特性过度恶化,每次超声清洗时间应该控制在10 min以内。     

Biodegradation of trace pharmaceutical substances in wastewater by a membrane bioreactor

The biodegradation of selected pharmaceutical micropollutants, including two pharmaceuticals with argued biodegradation, was studied by a lab-scale membrane bioreactor. The reaction kinetics and affecting factors were also investigated in this paper. Clofibric acid (CA) with contradictive biodegradation reported was degraded almost completely at different hydraulic retention times (HRTs) after adaptation to microorganisms. The biodegradation of CA was disturbed at low pH operation, while the activity of microorganisms recovered again after pH adjustment to neutral condition. Ibuprofen (IBP) degraded under neutral and acidic conditions. Removals of IBP and CA were zero-order and first-order reactions under high and low initial concentrations, respectively. Carbamazepine and diclofenac were not degraded regardless of HRTs and pH.     

发酵牛粪和造纸干粉对土壤中多环芳烃降解的影响

运用泥浆反应法研究添加发酵牛粪和造纸干粉对土壤中多环芳烃(PAHs)降解的影响.试验按水土比2:1制成泥浆反应器,设置对照、添加2.5%发酵牛粪和添加2.5%造纸干粉等3个处理,25～28℃摇床培养,分别于10、20、30 d采样测定土壤中多环芳烃降解菌的数量和多环芳烃含量.结果发现,所有处理土壤中多环芳烃的含量均随培养时间的延长而逐渐降低,而添加发酵牛粪和造纸干粉均有利于提高土壤中多环芳烃降解菌的数量,在培养30 d后土壤中多环芳烃的降解率分别从对照处理的19%显著提高到37%和35%(P<0.05).结果还发现,多环芳烃分环降解率随苯环数增加而下降,培养30 d后土壤中2环多环芳烃的降解率达95%以上,3环多环芳烃的降解率为50%左右,对照处理4～6环多环芳烃的降解率为7%～13%,而添加发酵牛粪和造纸干粉处理土壤中4～6环多环芳烃的降解率显著提高到21%～28%(P<0.05),但对2～3环多环芳烃的降解无明显影响,表明这两种物质对土壤中多环芳烃降解的影响关键在于促进高环多环芳烃降解菌的生长繁殖及降解活性.     

Engineering application of membrane bioreactor for wastewater treatment in China: Current state and future prospect

China has been the forerunner of large-scale membrane bioreactor （MBR） application. Since the first large-scale MBR （≥ 10 000 m^3·d^-1） was put into operation in 2006, the engineering implementation of MBR in China has attained tremendous development. This paper outlines the commercial application of MBR since 2006 and provides a variety of engineering statistical data, covering the fields of municipal wastewater, industrial wastewater, and polluted surface water treatment. The total treatment capacity of MBRs reached 1× 10^6 m^3·d^-1 in 2010, and has currently exceeded 4.5 × 10^6 m^3·d^-1 with -75% of which pertaining to municipal wastewater treatment. The anaerobic/anoxic/aerobie-MBR and its derivative processes have been the most popular in the large-scale municipal application, with the process features and typical ranges of parameters also presented in this paper. For the treatment of various types of industrial wastewater, the configurations of the MBR-based processes are delineated with representative engineering cases. In view of the significance of the cost issue, statistics of capital and operating costs are also provided, including cost structure and energy composition. With continuous stimulation from the environmental stress, political propulsion, and market demand in China, the total treatment capacity is expected to reach 7.5 × 10^6 m^3·d^-1 by 2015 and a further expansion of the market is foreseeable in the next five years. However, MBR application is facing several challenges, such as the relatively high energy consumption. Judging MBR features and seeking suitable application areas should be of importance for the long-term development of this technology.     

颗粒活性炭对膜生物反应器脱氮性能的影响

为了考察投加颗粒活性炭(GAC)对膜生物反应器(MBR)运行过程和处理效果的影响,研究了MBR和GAC-MBR透膜压差、膜通量的变化情况和脱氮性能,并采用ASM1模型对2个反应器进行数学模拟.结果表明,MBR和GAC-MBR的运行周期分别为75,150h,说明GAC的加入能够显著减缓MBR膜污染的速度,延长MBR的运行周期.MBR和GAC-MBR氨氮浓度分别为0.5,6mg/L;硝氮浓度分别为4.5,2mg/L;总氮浓度分别为5,10mg/L,出水COD均低于20mg/L,出水能符合《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准(GB 18918-2002)》中的一级A标准.采用ASM1进行工艺数学模拟,模拟出水与实际测量值基本吻合,2个反应器中主要微生物为异养菌和氨氧化菌,异养菌在MBR和GAC-MBR中的质量分数分别为95.5%和97.7%;好氧氨氧化菌分别为4.4%和2.3%,说明投加颗粒活性炭能有效的缓解膜污染,并对污染物具有良好的处理效果.     

HRT对一体式PTFE膜生物反应器运行效果的影响

针对垃圾渗滤液高COD、高NH4-N,低生化性的特点,开发UASB/缺氧/好氧-膜生物反应器组合处理工艺.在不同水力停留时间(HRT)下,考察了系统对污染物去除效果及其膜污染特性.结果表明,在不同的HRT条件下,UASB/缺氧/好氧-膜生物反应器组合工艺处理垃圾渗滤液出水水质良好且稳定.出水COD除率随HRT的升高先增加后降低,且HRT为12.8h时达到最大值94.96%;系统对NH4-N的平均去除率随HRT的延长而升高; 膜污染实验结果显示: 较低的HRT条件下意味着膜通量较高,会加剧膜污染进程.通过实验得出结论当HRT=15h时,对膜污染的控制最为有利.对膜进行清洗,并进行扫描电镜分析.分析结果显示凝胶层的形成是膜透水性下降的主要原因.     

生物反应器中投加含硅聚铁混凝剂的协同作用研究

比较了将含硅聚铁混凝剂分别投加到反应器和出水中两种工艺对COD和磷的去除效果.结果表明: 混凝剂投加量在40 mg/L以下时,前者出水中的磷低于后者,此时将混凝剂投加到反应器中具有生物协同作用,30 mg/L时协同作用最明显; 当混凝剂的投加量增加到50 mg/L时两种工艺出水中的磷没有明显差别,不再具有生物协同作用; 混凝剂投加量为10～50 mg/L时,两种工艺的出水COD差别不大,没有协同作用.将混凝剂直接投加到反应器中可省去混凝、沉淀所需的设备及构筑物,从而节约投资.因此为提高对TP和COD的去除效果,可直接将混凝剂投加到生物反应器中.