Coping with Complexity,Uncertainty and Ambiguity in Risk Governance: A Synthesis

The term governance describes the multitude of actors and processes that lead to collectively binding decisions. The term risk governance translates the core principles of governance to the context of risk-related policy making. We aim to delineate some basic lessons from the insights of the other articles in this special issue for our understanding of risk governance. Risk governance provides a conceptual as well as normative basis for how to cope with uncertain, complex and/or ambiguous risks. We propose to synthesize the breadth of the articles in this special issue by suggesting some changes to the risk governance framework proposed by the International Risk Governance Council (IRGC) and adding some insights to its analytical and normative implications.     

太湖水-气界面温室气体N2O日通量变化特征

阐述了最重要的温室效应气体N2O的来源,湖泊中N2O产生机理,监测了太湖水-气界面四季N2O日通量,并分析了N2O日通量变化特征,发现太湖大部分时间是N2O的源,少部分时间是N2O的汇.春、夏、秋、冬四季的平均N2O日通量分别是0.018 mg/(m2·h)、0.065 mg/(m2·h)、0.003 mg/(m2·h)和-0.002 mg/(m2·h).夏季较高,而春、秋、冬季较低.     

CITY OF TUCSON WASTE WATER EFFLUENT DELIVERY FACILITY1

ABSTRACT: The Tucson area is totally dependent on ground water, which is in increasingly short supply due to excessive overdrafts. Tucson area waste water treatment plants discharge material quantities of secondary effluent downstream, which is lost to evapotranspiration and recharge of the ground water basin. The city and the four large mining companies who share the common Santa Cruz basin ground water, recognized the common water supply problem and agreed to fund a feasibility study for mining process use of the effluent to partly alleviate the overdraft of ground water. The study analyzed the projected waste water effluent resources, potential mining company demand for waste water effluent and possible interface of an effluent delivery facility with the proposed Central Arizona Project. The effluent resources were analyzed with respect to potential demand. An optimum alignment was selected. An optimum system was detailed through design schematics, amortized cost and finance requirements, and an implementation schedule. It was concluded that a waste water effluent delivery facility could be implemented which would utilize reclaimed effluent in quantities approximating 35 percent of basin overdraft and which would provide revenue for full cost recovery over a 20 year operation period. The mining companies are studying the internal economic impacts of the project.     

接触絮凝研究进展

接触絮凝的概念源于直接过滤 ,是指介质存在时的絮凝作用。由于简便易行、处理效果良好 ,接触絮凝方法处于迅速发展之中 ,并且具有广泛的应用前景。其研究范围包括物理、化学、胶体界面过程等相互作用。本文以溶液中的颗粒物相互作用为基础 ,对接触絮凝理论的发展加以简要概述     

DEVELOPMENT AND APPLICATION OF A SPATIAL HYDROLOGY MODEL OF OKEFENOKEE SWAMP,GEORGIA1

ABSTRACT: :The model described herein was used to assess effects of the Suwannee River sill (a low earthen dam constructed to impound the Suwannee River within the Okefenokee National Wildlife Refuge to eliminate wildfires) on the hydrologic environment of Okefenokee Swamp, Georgia. Developed with Arc/Info Macro Language routines in the GRID environment, the model distributes water in the swamp landscape using precipitation, inflow, evapotranspiration, outflow, and standing water. Water movement direction and rate are determined by the neighborhood topographic gradient, determined using survey grade Global Positioning Systems technology. Model data include flow rates from USGS monitored gauges, precipitation volumes and water levels measured within the swamp, and estimated evapotranspiration volumes spatially modified by vegetation type. Model output in semi‐monthly time steps includes water depth, water surface elevation above mean sea level, and movement direction and volume. Model simulations indicate the sill impoundment affects 18 percent of the swamp during high water conditions when wildfires are scarce and has minimal spatial effect (increasing hydroperiods in less than 5 percent of the swamp) during low water and drought conditions when fire occurrence is high but precipitation and inflow volumes are limited.     

Experiencing Biodiversity as a Bridge over the Science–Society Communication Gap

Drawing on the idea that biodiversity is simply the diversity of living things, and that everyone knows what diversity and living things mean, most conservation professionals eschew the need to explain the many complex ways in which biodiversity is understood in science. On many biodiversity‐related issues, this lack of clarity leads to a communication gap between science and the general public, including decision makers who must design and implement biodiversity policies. Closing this communication gap is pivotal to the ability of science to inform sound environmental decision making. To address this communication gap, we propose a surrogate of biodiversity for communication purposes that captures the scientific definition of biodiversity yet can be understood by nonscientists; that is, biodiversity as a learning experience. The prerequisites of this or any other biodiversity communication surrogate are that it should have transdisciplinary relevance; not be measurable; be accessible to a wide audience; be usable to translate biodiversity issues; and understandably encompass biodiversity concepts. Biodiversity as a learning experience satisfies these prerequisites and is philosophically robust. More importantly, it can effectively contribute to closing the communication gap between biodiversity science and society at large. Experimentando la Biodiversidad como un Puente sobre el Vacío entre la Comunicación Ciencia‐Sociedad     

潘家口水库温室气体溶存、排放特征及影响因素

以大型深水水电类水库潘家口水库为例,于2020年春季（5月）、夏季（8月）在研究区设置33个采样点,采用顶空平衡-气相色谱法和经验模型法对水柱温室气体浓度和水-气界面扩散通量进行了观测及估算,并分析了潘家口水库温室气体浓度及通量的主要影响因素.结果表明：春季潘家口水库水-气界面CH₄、CO₂、N₂O平均通量分别为（1.11±1.60）μmol/（m²·h）,（1333.31±546.43）μmol/（m²·h）,（76.65±19.54）nmol/（m²·h）.夏季潘家口水库水-气界面CH₄、CO₂、N₂O平均通量分别为（0.62±1.13）μmol/（m²·h）,（746.08±1152.44）μmol/（m²·h）,（141.18±256.02）nmol/（m²·h）.潘家口水库温室气体排放呈现出大的时空异质性,空间上春季和夏季各温室气体通量均表现为干流大于支流;季节上CH₄与CO₂扩散通量表现为春季大于夏季,而N₂O扩散通量夏季大于春季.统计分析表明CH₄扩散通量主要受电导率、风速等环境因子影响,CO₂扩散通量受风速、pH及DOC影响,N₂O扩散通量主要受水柱NO₃^--N、NO₂^--N的影响.     

新时期国土空间安全背景下的空间规划系统思考

当前,国土空间治理模式正由原空间规划“集群”向统一的国土空间规划转变,国土空间安全这一空间发展底线问题成为规划各界热议的焦点。基于系统理论,梳理了国土空间及其规划系统,重点分析了具有什么系统性质的空间规划才能更好地保障国土空间安全。研究表明：（1）国土空间规划完善的法律体系与科学的系统接口是保障国土空间系统安全的关键; （2）国土空间规划立法,应构建以国土空间规划法作为基本法,形成以法律法规、标准体系为核心的结构清晰、内容统一的法规体系,以使空间规划系统结构合理;（3）系统接口方面,建立以硬件接口和软件接口为主要类型、国土空间规划全生命周期为核心的三维系统接口,实现“五级三类四体系”的三维衔接。     

自供电式同步翻转电荷提取电路的优化设计

目的 解决现有接口电路俘能效率低、开关控制电路模块结构复杂等问题。方法 基于电压翻转及电荷提取技术,提出一种自供电式同步翻转电荷提取的压电能量俘获电路(Self-Powered Optimized Synchronous Inversion and Charge Extraction Circuit,SP-OSICE)。该电路设计了2个电压峰值检测电路,检测压电换能器两端电压峰值,并在正峰值处进行一次电压翻转,然后在负峰值处采用同步电荷提取方法,提取压电换能器寄生电容上储存的电荷,提高能量的收集效率。结果 在低负载区,SP-OSICE电路的输出功率略低于SICE电路的输出功率,随着负载电压的增大,SP-OSICE电路的输出功率略高于SICE电路,且可达到全桥整流电路最大输出功率的6倍以上。结论 SP-OSICE电路优化了SICE电路中的开关控制策略,无需整流桥结构,提高了接口电路的输出功率。整体电路采用自供电设计,无需外部辅助电路控制晶体管通断,降低了电路结构的复杂性。仿真和实验结果均验证了SP-OSICE电路的优势。     

基于光谱分析仪的通量-梯度法测量小型池塘水-气界面温室气体交换通量

小型池塘作为内陆水体的一部分,是被忽视的温室气体重要排放源.本研究主要利用通量-梯度方法测量长江三角洲地区的一处小型池塘水-气界面温室气体(CO_2和CH_4)交换通量.结果表明:1零梯度测试结果显示本套通量-梯度系统测量H_2O、CO_2和CH_4通量的精度分别为7.525 W·m-2、0.022 mg·(m2·s)-1、0.054μg·(m2·s)-1,并且在正常实验观测期间3种气体(H_2O、CO_2和CH_4)的通量值分别有84%、80%和94%的结果高于零梯度测试精度,以上结果可以保证本套通量-梯度系统具有足够的精度测量池塘水-气界面温室气体交换通量;2通量-梯度计算结果表明此小型池塘在夏季为CO_2和CH_4的排放源,其排放通量平均值分别为0.038 mg·(m2·s)-1和0.889μg·(m2·s)-1,其中CH_4排放通量远高于内陆湖泊甲烷排放通量的中值,说明小型池塘的温室气体排放量是估算内陆水体温室气体排放量特别是CH_4排放量中不可忽视的重要量值,本研究结果可为准确估算区域温室气体排放量提供科学参考.