中国“四化”建设对水足迹强度的影响分析

采用2000—2016年中国30省市（不包括香港、澳门、台湾、西藏四省区）的数据,构建四化指标体系,计算四化发展指数,进行地区四化水平评价,通过OLS和GMM回归模型考察四化发展对水足迹强度的影响,同时设置四化之间的交互项来识别四化指标之间的相互作用。主要结论如下：首先,从四化水平的地域发展差异上来看,中国四化水平总体上呈现出东部优于中部、中部优于西部的格局,水足迹强度的分布与之类似,说明四化水平发展与水足迹强度之间可能存在相关关系;其次,计量模型显示四化水平的提升对于水足迹强度的改善有积极影响,但每一化对于水足迹强度改善的影响大小不一;第三,以交互项衡量的四化相互作用对于水足迹强度的影响作用为正,表明四化发展对水足迹强度的改善效果逐渐趋于收敛。因此,优先提升落后地区的四化水平,以四化水平的提升推动水足迹强度的降低,能够有效降低我国总体水足迹强度水平。     

稻秸秆添加强化沉水植物湿地对农田径流中不同形态氮的去除效果

为提升稻田周边湿地对农田径流中不同形态氮的净化效率,有效拦截农田面源污染导致的氮磷流失,采用农业废物稻秸秆为有机碳源与沉水植物组合构建强化湿地系统,共设置不种植苦草且不添加稻秸秆（NS）、只种植苦草（VN）、只添加稻秸秆（SS）和种植苦草并添加稻秸秆（VS）4个处理,研究强化湿地对不同形态氮农田径流的净化效果与机制。结果表明：1）在处理以氨氮（NH₄ ⁺-N）为主要氮形态的农田径流时,VN和VS对废水中TN和NH₄ ⁺-N的去除率显著高于其他处理（P<0.05）,表明种植苦草是提升湿地对NH₄ ⁺-N农田径流净化效果的主要因素;2）处理以硝态氮（NO₃ ⁻-N）为主要氮形态的农田径流时,SS和VS对废水中TN和NO₃ ⁻-N的去除率显著高于其他处理（P<0.05）,表明添加稻秸秆显著提升了湿地对NO₃ ⁻-N农田径流的净化效果。3）湿地中只种植苦草时对NO₃ ⁻-N去除效果不佳,只添加稻秸秆时对NH₄ ⁺-N去除效果较差,种植苦草并添加稻秸秆对2种形态氮均有较好的去除效果,同时二者对磷的去除效果与只种植苦草的湿地无显著差异。因此,稻秸秆添加强化沉水植物湿地在拦截净化农田面源污染中具有推广应用的潜力。

     

南京城郊不同土地利用类型农业土壤多环芳烃污染特征及风险评价

以南京市城郊不同土地利用类型的农业土壤(水田、菜地和林地)为研究对象,测定了16种PAHs的含量.结果表明,苊烯(Acy)在所有土壤样本中均未被检出,南京城郊农业土壤15种ω(PAHs)的范围在24.49～925.54μg·kg^-1之间,平均值为259.88μg·kg^-1.PAHs含量由高到低依次为：林地>水田>菜地,总体上以高环PAHs(HMW)含量为主.不同土壤理化性质对PAHs的影响表明：土壤有机碳(TOC)和黏粒(clay)含量与PAHs存在一定的相关性,pH和全氮(TN)与PAHs无明显相关性.毒性当量法和CSI指数法表明,南京城郊农业土壤中PAHs生态风险较小,但是林地中应当给予一定的重视.增量终身癌症风险(ILCR)进行健康风险评价表明,儿童健康的威胁风险略大于成人,林地的总的致癌风险(CR)明显高于菜地和水田,仍处于可接受的范围内.对成人进行了蒙特卡洛模拟表明,确定性健康风险的风险分析低估了PAHs的健康风险.敏感性分析结果表明,对CR总方差影响最大的输入参数是暴露频率EF(占50.7%).     

农用土地价格评估——以新疆库尔勒市为例

根据农用土地的具体特征选择适当的方法和评估中具体的操作是本文探讨的重点。解决不同利用方式下农用土地收益差异的综合平衡计算是关键。结合库尔勒市农用土地分等定级的具体实践，建立一套较为完整的农用土地价格评估体系，为今后开展的工作提供范例。     

甘肃省农业循环经济发展评价与区域差异分析

综合评价值的计算已成为农业循环经济发展水平定量评价的主要方法,也是目前循环经济研究领域定量研究的热点之一。构建一套系统科学的农业循环经济发展评价指标体系,对区域农业循环经济发展水平进行综合评价,以改善农业环境,杜绝资源浪费,实现农业可持续发展具有重要的理论和现实意义。依据循环经济发展的“4R”原则和可持续发展理论,构建了甘肃省农业循环经济评价指标体系,采用因子分析法和加权函数法对甘肃省及其14个地州市的农业循环经济发展水平进行了综合评价与分析,提出了甘肃省及其各区域的农业循环经济发展建议。     

锰资源开发利用中存在的问题和对策——以秀山锰矿为例

针对秀山锰矿开采秩序混乱、效率偏低、矸石处理、电解锰渣堆存和生产废水、锰深加工路线不健全等特点,结合其他地区锰资源的开发利用情况,提出了秀山锰矿应扩大开采规模,规范管理,矸石用于充填安全柱,加高加固锰渣尾矿库,锰渣的资源化利用等措施;提取生产废水中的金属元素,减少废水产生量,废水达标处理和循环利用降低污染;依靠发展和扩大锰产业链,加大科技投入,促进秀山的可持续发展.     

A Note on the Use of Conservation Practices in U.S. Agriculture

This article measures the effect of an increase in productivityattributable to an increase in soil organic carbon associated with theincrease in the use of conservation practices in agriculture in theUnited States. Both the direct and indirect effects are calibrated. Theanalytical approach used consists of a dynamic computable generalequilibrium model composed of 14 producing sectors, 10 consumingsectors, seven household categories classified by income, and agovernment. The results suggest that the impact of a change inproductivity is an increase in output over a six year period starting in1998 in field crops. The most significant impact is felt in thelivestock sector. This is because field crops are a major input in theproduction of livestock. The food processing sector also exhibits arelatively large increase because of the increase in inputs of both fieldcrops and livestock. Manufacturing output increases primarily becauseoverall investment rises and most investment utilizes manufacturinggoods. The other producing sectors are generally unaffected by theincrease in agricultural production due to an increase in soil organiccarbon. Coincident with the increase in the production of field cropsis a relatively large decrease in the price of field crops. Othernoticeable price reductions occur in the livestock sector and the foodprocessing sector. For the consuming sectors, the consumption offood and alcohol and tobacco increase but consumption in all of theother sectors remains basically unchanged. Prices in the food andalcohol and tobacco sectors decline by about 1% while theprices in the other sectors remain static. Household welfare increasesin the aggregate by only 0.1% with this increase occurringuniformly across all household categories. Revenue received by thegovernment increases a modest 2% in response to an increase inoutput and, hence, an increase in taxes paid. The results indicate thatthere are significant production benefits for several sectors that can berealized by an increase in the use of conservation practices inagricultural production which, in turn, enhances soil organic carbon.There are a number of policy options available to promote the use ofconservation practices. These include education and technicalassistance, financial assistance, research and development, landretirement, and regulation and taxes.     

区域土地资源承载能力研究模式雏议——以甘肃省定西县为例

本文从土地现实生产力分析和作物潜在生产力估算入手,借助IBM-PC计算机,通过土地资源生产力评价的 MFICA 模式和土地资源优化利用模型的建立,初步框算了定西县1990年、2000年,2025年以及2050年之后的区域农业生产力及其土地资源承载力,进尔阐释了该县土地资源承载力的演变及其土地-粮食-人口关系的可能发展趋势。为区域土地资源承载力研究提供了一条切实可行的途径。     

Bacterial diversity in paclobutrazol applied agricultural soils

The aim of this study was to investigate the bacterial communities on paclobutrazol [(2RS, 3RS)-1-(4-Chlorophenyl)-4, 4-dimethyl-2-(1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl) pentan-3-ol]–applied agricultural soils by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplified 16S rDNA gene fragments. Three different agricultural soil samples were collected from paclobutrazol applied mango and waxapple orchards, peanut fields and untreated rice fields as a control for DGGE analysis. The DGGE pattern of PCR- generated 16S rDNA gene fragments indicated that the bacterial populations from four paclobutrazol–applied soils of peanut fields were closely related to each other and two paclobutrazol–applied soils of mango and waxapple orchards harbored closely related bacterial communities. But, paclobutrazol–free agricultural soils comprised relatively a different bacterial group. However, the bacterial populations of mango and waxapple orchard are completely different from the bacterial communities of peanut field. Further purification and sequence analysis of 40 DGGE bands followed by phylogenetic tree assay showed similar results that soil bacteria from paclobutrazol applied mango and waxapple orchard are phylogenetically related. Based on the phylogenetic analysis, the clone M-4 was clad 100 % (bootstrap value) with Mycobacterium sp. The Mycobacterium sp. has been proved to degrade the phenolic compounds such as phenol, 4-chlorphenol, 2,4-dichlorophenol and paclobutrazol molecule containing chlorobenzene ring.     

Foraging responses of wild house mice to accumulations of conspecific odor as a predation risk

Many predators hunt using the social and waste odors of their prey. It is unknown, however, whether potential prey modify their behavior in response to the risks of predation associated with accumulations of conspecific odor. We examined this question by measuring foraging trade-offs of wild house mice (Mus domesticus) in the field where we increased both predation risk and conspecific odor at artificial food patches in a two-factor design. Mouse giving-up densities (GUDs) were significantly higher in open habitats than in closed habitats but did not differ with the addition of mouse odors. Fine-scale behavioral observations of captive mice confirmed their attraction to the conspecific odor in an enclosure experiment, without any change to the GUD. These results indicate that house mice continue to visit and forage at food patches despite accumulations of predator-attracting odors. This most likely occurs for the social benefits obtained from conspecific odor exploration; however, such behavior may cause mice to become vulnerable to considerable olfactory exploitation by their predators. Future work must therefore focus on how mice trade off the social benefits of investigating odors that also attract their enemies.