强可处置性视角下中国农业环境效率测度及其动态演进

随着农村经济社会的快速发展,农业面源污染不断加剧、农业环境面临的形势日益严峻。从生态农业视角科学度量和提高环境效率对于改善农业生态环境,促进农业与资源、环境的协调发展具有重要意义。为此,首先从农业面源污染特征、治理成本和环境规制方面研究联合弱可处置性视角下农业环境效率测度模型可能存在的局限性;然后,构建了基于强可处置视角的农业环境效率测度模型和环境全要素生产率指数(TFP);最后,采用两种视角下的模型对比研究了2012年我国农业环境效率,以及1991-2011年中国30个省份农业环境全要素生产率增长。结果表明:1考虑农业污染的强可处置特征,2012年农业环境效率均值从0.98下降为0.86,东、中、西部地区依次递减的空间差异性更加显著;21991-2011年我国农业TFP平均增长率为0.8%,技术效率年均负增长1.4%,技术进步年均增长2%,均低于传统度量方法。3技术效率呈现持续增长趋势,TFP总体上呈现了先下降后增长的变化趋势,技术进步与技术效率的协调性逐步得到改善;4各地区TFP均值均大于1,东部地区ML指数最高,其次是中部地区,但各地区技术效率均出现一定程度的退步现象。两种模型实证结果及其差异性表明,农业环境效率评价、污染治理措施应当遵循农业污染物的特征和产生机理;采取源头减排策略能够实现农业增长、污染减少和环境效率提升的多赢局面;当前,我国农业环境效率仍具有较大的提升空间,在制定面源污染治理政策时,应考虑农业环境效率的空间差异性,针对不同发展水平和污染特征制定更具有针对性的治理策略。     

社会资本对农民环保投资意愿的影响分析——来自湖北农村农业废弃物资源化的实证研究

我国尚处于转轨经济时期,市场体系建设不完善,尤其是在广大农村地区,正式制度的建设和发展相对滞后,社会资本在农村社会经济中的作用更加突出。鉴于此,本文基于Putnam的社会资本理论,以农村农业废弃物资源化为例,基于其"集体行动"与"利他主义"属性,应用Tobit模型系统分析了3个层面的社会资本的核心要素(信任、互惠规范、公民参与网络)对农民环境保护投资意愿的影响冲击。研究结果表明:1农业废弃物资源化得到了多数农民的认同,68.3%的受访农民对农业废弃物资源化具有投资意愿,且意愿投资水平为8.46-12.39元/月;2社会资本变量中对农民环保投资意愿的贡献度大小排序依次是制度信任公民参与网络人际信任互惠规范;3人力资本中的文化程度、物质资本中的家庭纯收入、控制变量中的是否兼业、是否为村干部对农民环保投资意愿均表现出积极的作用;4要缩小私人投资与社会最优投资之间的差距,实现农业废弃物资源化利用在经济效益、环境效益上的统一,需要政府或宏观经济管理者在制度安排上向其倾斜:通过强化政策支持或舆论引导提升农村的社会资本水平,增进农民对"信任互助"、"团队合作"的认知;完善环境保护相关法律法规,做到有法可依、执法必严、违法必究,改变民众对法规持有的"法不责众"态度;大力发展农村地区的基础教育,提高农村地区人们的文化教育水平。     

中国农资生产企业中是否存在“以污染换取增长”现象?

现代农业生产过程中农药、化肥、农用塑料薄膜等农业生产资料被广泛使用,排放出大量有机物和无机物,造成了比较严重的农业面源污染。然而,以往研究大多集中于对农业生产过程中直接污染的分析,较少讨论农业生产资料生产过程中所造成的污染。实际上,农资产品的生产过程中往往也会产生大量环境污染,努力降低农资生产企业的环境污染也应是治理农业面源污染的一个重要组成部分。本文基于农资生产企业的微观数据分析了农资生产企业的环境污染状况对其未来年平均销售增长率的影响,检验农资生产企业中是否存在"以污染换增长"现象。在文中我们采用农资生产企业被征收排污费的情况来衡量其环境污染程度,采用企业的年平均销售增长率来衡量其未来业绩表现,进而进行了实证分析。实证分析结果显示,被征收排污费的农资生产企业中普遍存在着"以污染换取增长"的现象。实证结果表现为,如果农资生产企业被征收排污费占销售收入的比重越高,则该农资生产企业未来的销售增长率也相应越高。该研究结论对于我国农资生产企业排污费征收机制的设计和行业环境规制都具有重要的参考价值和借鉴意义。首先,我们建议环境保护部门和农业管理部门在未来应该适当提高农资生产行业的环境准入门槛,防止环境污染严重的企业进入该产业,并逐步淘汰部分高污染的农资生产企业。其次,环境保护部门应该进一步优化排污费的征收机制设计,努力降低农资产品生产过程中所造成的环境污染和生态破坏。最后,建议对农资生产企业的环保技术投资进行补贴。     

新型农业经营主体参与低碳农业发展的激励机制设计

新型农业经营主体在一定程度上使得我国农业呈现集约化发展,为低碳农业发展提供组织保障,但是其自身没有发展低碳农业的动力。本文基于多任务委托-代理模型,从低碳农业发展过程中政府和新型农业经营主体之间的委托—代理关系为视角,设计政府激励和约束新型农业经营主体参与低碳农业发展的激励机制,促使其兼顾经济效益、环境效益和社会效益。结果表明由于缺乏评价标准,政府对新型农业经营主体在固碳减排效益方面比经济效益方面的不确定性更加明显,而不确定性程度与新型农业经营主体努力结果的可观测性呈负相关关系,固碳减排效益的不确定因素无限大的时候,其激励强度趋于0;在政府的补贴过程中,成本系数越高、绝对风险率越高和不确定因素越多,则政府的激励契约对新型农业经营主体的激励强度就越低,需要强化对新型农业经营主体在固碳减排效益和社会服务效益方面的激励强度;政府对经济效益的最优激励因子与其绝对风险规避呈正向相关,因此政府在对处于高风险规避期的新型农业经营主体组织给予较高的激励,而对于风险规避率较低的处于成熟期的新型农业经营主体组织给予较低的激励。最后对结论进行整理,并作出实际的解释和提出针对性的对策建议。     

Effects of Spatial Distribution of Prairie Vegetation in an Agricultural Landscape on Curve Number Values

The curve number (CN) method is used to calculate runoff in many hydrologic models, including the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT). The CN method does not account for the spatial distribution of land cover types, an important factor controlling runoff patterns. The objective of this study was to empirically derive CN values that reflect the strategic placement of native prairie vegetation (NPV) within row crop agricultural landscapes. CNs were derived using precipitation and runoff data from a seven‐year period for 14 small watersheds in Iowa. The watersheds were planted with varying amounts of NPV located in different watershed positions. The least squares and asymptotic least squares methods (LSM) were used to derive CNs using an initial abstraction coefficient (λ) of 0.2 and 0.05. The CNs were verified using leave‐one‐out cross‐validation and adjustment for antecedent moisture conditions (AMC) was tested. The asymptotic method produced CN values for watersheds with NPV treatment that were 8.9 and 14.7% lower than watersheds with 100% row crop at λ = 0.2 and λ = 0.05, respectively. The derived CNs produced Nash‐Sutcliffe efficiency values ranging from 0.4 to 0.7 during validation. Our analyses show the CNs verified best for the asymptotic LSM, when using λ of 0.05 and adjusting for AMC. Further, comparison of derived CNs against an area weighted CN indicated that the placement of vegetation does impact the CN value. Editor's note : This paper is part of the featured series on SWAT Applications for Emerging Hydrologic and Water Quality Challenges. See the February 2017 issue for the introduction and background to the series.     

Optimizing Agricultural Best Management Practices in a Lake Erie Watershed

Implementing agricultural best management practices (BMPs) is influenced by a balance of desired environmental outcomes, economic feasibility, and stakeholder familiarity, the latter taken to be related to BMP acceptability. To explore this balance, we developed a multi‐objective decision support system for allocating BMP type and placement by coupling the Soil and Water Assessment Tool with a nondominated sorted genetic algorithm that minimizes total phosphorus (TP) yields from agricultural hydrologic response units (HRUs) and costs, while using stakeholder BMP familiarity as a constraint; conventional tillage, no tillage, nutrient management, riparian buffers, and contour cropping were explored. Using constraints representing current conditions, the optimization resulted in 59.6 to 81.0% reduction in agricultural TP yield from HRUs at costs ranging between US $0.8 and US $5.3 million. The constrained optimization tended to select mostly single BMPs or at most two BMPs for a given HRU due to these BMPs having higher acceptability to stakeholders. In contrast, the unconstrained case, representing full familiarity, selected 2‐ and 3‐BMP applications. There was little difference in costs between the constrained and unconstrained cases below an 80% TP yield reduction; however, significant differences were found at larger reductions, supporting the value of stakeholder education and extension efforts. Editor's note : This paper is part of the featured series on SWAT Applications for Emerging Hydrologic and Water Quality Challenges. See the February 2017 issue for the introduction and background to the series.     

Flood Risk Reduction from Agricultural Best Management Practices

Best management practices (BMPs) play an important role in improving impaired water quality from conventional row crop agriculture. In addition to reducing nutrient and sediment loads, BMPs such as fertilizer management, reduced tillage, and cover crops could alter the hydrology of agricultural systems and reduce surface water runoff. While attention is devoted to the water quality benefits of BMPs, the potential co‐benefits of flood loss reduction are often overlooked. This study quantifies the effects of selected commonly applied BMPs on expected flood loss to agricultural and urban areas in four Iowa watersheds. The analysis combines a watershed hydrologic model, hydraulic model outputs, and a loss estimation model to determine relationships between hydrologic changes from BMP implementations and annual economic flood loss. The results indicate a modest reduction in peak discharge and economic loss, although loss reduction is substantial when urban centers or other high‐value assets are located downstream in the watershed. Among the BMPs, wetlands, and cover crops reduce losses the most. The research demonstrates that watershed‐scale implementation of agricultural BMPs could provide benefits of flood loss reduction in addition to water quality improvements.     

Human–wildlife coexistence in a changing world

Human–wildlife conflict (HWC) is a key topic in conservation and agricultural research. Decision makers need evidence-based information to design sustainable management plans and policy instruments. However, providing objective decision support can be challenging because realities and perceptions of human–wildlife interactions vary widely between and within rural, urban, and peri-urban areas. Land users who incur costs through wildlife argue that wildlife-related losses should be compensated and that prevention should be subsidized. Supporters of human–wildlife coexistence policies, such as urban-dwelling people, may not face threats to their livelihoods from wildlife. Such spatial heterogeneity in the cost and benefits of living with wildlife is germane in most contemporary societies. This Special Section features contributions on wildlife-induced damages that range from human perspectives (land use, psychology, governance, local attitudes and perceptions, costs and benefits, and HWC and coexistence theory) to ecological perspectives (animal behavior). Building on current literature and articles in this section, we developed a conceptual model to help frame HWC and coexistence dimensions. The framework can be used to determine damage prevention implementation levels and approaches to HWC resolution. Our synthesis revealed that inter- and transdisciplinary approaches and multilevel governance approaches can help stakeholders and institutions implement sustainable management strategies that promote human–wildlife coexistence.     

基于农校对接的高校食品安全管理研究

从高校食品工作的特点出发,总结了高校食品安全的特点,提出了＂农校对接＂的解决途径,并分析了开展农校对接的意义,从高校食品安全管理者、食品供应者、物流等角度阐述了开展农校对接的具体措施。     

农业污染的系统控制——关于农业减排的基本思路

农业污染严重制约农业的可持续发展。本文基于我国农业污染的成因、特点与发展趋势,提出了农业污染系统控制的总体战略与"一个结合,两个分离,三个利用与四个循环"的减排新思路,这对国家"十二五"农业污染源减排监督管理的技术支撑与政策引导具有的战略意义。