加拿大阿尔伯塔省农用水资源管理经验和做法——兼论对我国干旱半干旱地区的启示

通过分析加拿大阿尔伯塔省农用水资源的利用现状,从旱灾和水事件引发公众对水资源管理重要性认识的视角导入,从政策法规制定、水市场建立、节水技术应用和公众参与等层面归纳了阿尔伯塔省农用水资源管理的主要经验和做法,藉以对我国干旱半干旱地区的水资源管理提供借鉴和参考.     

推行注册助理安全工程师制度的探讨

根据不同产业就业人数,估算我国企业所需的安全管理人员和安全工程师数量;从学历角度分析注册安全工程师与企业安全管理人员的差距;考察和研讨不同省(市)安全生产工作特点及对安全生产管理人员的需求;认为注册助理安全工程师准入门槛较低,更贴近企业安全管理人员的实际水平。笔者认为,推行注册助理安全工程师制度,地方可以根据需要培养安全生产管理和技术人员;将注册助理安全工程师定位于企业日常安全生产管理和技术工作,相当于企业基层或中层安全管理岗位。该制度的建立将成为安全生产人力资源开发工作的一种新思维、新手段。     

北京市雨水资源综合利用与污染防治——迎绿色奥运,建生态北京

介绍了国内外雨水收集利用的情况,并针对北京水资源短缺和雨水资源大量浪费的现状,分析了北京市雨水资源收集和综合利用的前景,提出削减污染以及雨水综合利用的相关措施。北京天然雨水较清洁,然而经过在各种下垫面的冲刷后径流水质变差,初期径流污染物的含量相当大,甚至超过地表水环境质量标准的Ⅴ级。建议将初期降雨径流和后期雨水分开对待,将初期径流处理后再利用。     

克隆植物生理整合作用的研究方法及其应用

生理整合作用是克隆植物的一个重要特征,克隆植物所表现出的许多独特的生态学行为,均与其所具有的生理整合效应密切相关.本文总结并分析了迄今为止在研究克隆植物生理整合作用方面所采用的各种方法,并将其归纳为直接和间接方法两个大类.通过这些研究方法的综合运用,克隆植物生理整合效应的机制、格局及其影响因素可以得到更加深入的揭示.在不断深化和拓展现有研究方法的基础上,今后在克隆植物生理整合效应的研究方面,还应较多地关注更为精确的研究方法,以及野外或自然条件下的实地研究.参104     

沉水植物苦草的营养成分分析与综合利用

沉水植物苦草的营养成分分析结果表明,其蛋白质含量为218.4 g.kg-1,脂肪含量为51.4 g.kg-1,多糖含量为37.6 g.kg-1,灰分含量为265.7 g.kg-1;氨基酸总量为147.6 g.kg-1(色氨酸未测),必需氨基酸为55.0g.kg-1;含有K、Ca、Cu、Fe、Zn、Mn、Na、A l、Ba等多种矿质元素,其中K、Ca、Fe、Na含量分别高达60.5、10.9、16.3、12.7 g.kg-1。可见苦草是一种优质的营养资源,具有很高的开发价值。在此基础上,进一步探讨了苦草的资源化利用方式和应用前景。     

Modeling Opportunity Costs of Conservation in Transitional Landscapes

Abstract:  Conservation scientists recognize the urgency of incorporating opportunity costs into conservation planning. Despite this, applications to date have been limited, perhaps partly because of the difficulty in determining costs in regions with limited data on land prices and ownership. We present methods for estimating opportunity costs of land preservation in landscapes or ecoregions that are a changing mix of agriculture and natural habitat. Our approach derives from the literature on estimating land values as opportunity costs of alternate land uses and takes advantage of general availability of necessary data, even in relatively data-poor regions. The methods integrate probabilities of habitat conversion with region-wide estimates of economic benefits from agricultural land uses and estimate land values with a discount rate to convert annual values into net present values. We applied our method in a landscape undergoing agricultural conversion in Paraguay. Our model of opportunity costs predicted an independent data set of land values and was consistent with implicit discount rates of 15–25%. Model-generated land values were strongly correlated with actual land values even after correcting for the effect of property size and proportion of property that was forested. We used the model to produce a map of opportunity costs and to estimate the costs of conserving forest within two proposed corridors in the landscape. This method can be applied to conservation planning in situations where natural habitat is currently being converted to market-oriented land uses. Incorporating not only biological attributes but also socioeconomic data can help in the design of efficient networks of protected areas that represent biodiversity at minimum costs.     

Optimisation algorithms for spatially constrained forest planning

We compared genetic algorithms, simulated annealing and hill climbing algorithms on spatially constrained, integrated forest planning problems. There has been growing interest in algorithms that mimic natural processes, such as genetic algorithms and simulated annealing. These algorithms use random moves to generate new solutions, and employ a probabilistic acceptance/rejection criterion that allows inferior moves within the search space. Algorithms for a genetic algorithm, simulated annealing, and random hill climbing are formulated and tested on a same-sample forest-planning problem where the adjacency rule is strictly enforced. Each method was randomly started 20 times and allowed to run for 10,000 iterations. All three algorithms identified good solutions (within 3% of the highest found), however, simulated annealing consistently produced superior solutions. Simulated annealing and random hill climbing were approximately 10 times faster than the genetic algorithm because only one solution needs to be modified at each iteration. Performance of simulated annealing was essentially independent of the starting point, giving it an important advantage over random hill climbing. The genetic algorithm was not well suited to the strict adjacency problem because considerable computation time was necessary to repair the damage caused during crossover.     

Demolish it and They Will Come: Estimating the Economic Impacts of Restoring a Recreational Fishery1

Abstract: This paper presents the results of an ex post survey of recreational anglers for the lower Kennebec River, post‐Edwards Dam removal. To the best of our knowledge, this study represents one of the first ex post analyses of fisheries restoration from dam removal. We find significant benefits have accrued to anglers using the restored fishery. Specifically, anglers are spending more to visit the fishery, a direct indication of the increased value anglers place on the improved fishery. Anglers are also willing to pay for increased angling opportunities on the river. These findings have policy implications for other privately owned dams that are currently undergoing relicensing and/or dam removal considerations. Our findings may also hold implications for fisheries that have deteriorated due to historic dam construction.     

Sensitive issues in natural resource management and discursive strategies addressing them

In natural resource management facilitation literature, little attention is paid to sensitive issues in multi-stakeholder interaction and learning. This article aims to fill this gap. It discusses the variety of discursive strategies used by stakeholders to address sensitive issues with regard to fishery management in Benin, in three different settings: individual interviews, homogeneous groups' discussions, and a heterogeneous group meeting. Issues that proved sensitive were discussed openly in the interviews or homogeneous groups' discussions, but not at all, or only indirectly, in the heterogeneous group meeting. With indirect discursive strategies, two out of the seven sensitive issues were put on the discussions' agenda. We conclude that the other issues were too sensitive among others because of historically grown interdependency between interventionists and fishers. We suggest that dealing with sensitive issues is an important dimension of the facilitation of interactive learning processes and provide methodological guidelines to detect and address such issues.     

An Examination of Governance Arrangements at Kisakasaka Mangrove Reserve in Zanzibar

This study employs insights largely derived from critical reflections on the common pool resources (CPR) theory to examine the current governance arrangements in place to manage the mangrove forest at Kisakasaka, in Zanzibar, Tanzania. Kisakasaka was used as a site for a community-based management pilot project of forest resources in Zanzibar. After some initial success in setting up a local management structure and regulating access to the mangrove for mainly charcoal production, there are now clear indications that forest conditions have deteriorated dramatically with concomitant ongoing resource use problems for local villagers who have relied heavily on forest resources as a source of cash income. Extra-local factors, such as urban population increases and associated market pressures for charcoal, are also conjectured to overlay and interact with the institutional problems at Kisakasaka. As a result, over concern about the deterioration in the condition of the mangrove forest, the responsible government authority decided not to renew the community-based governance arrangements after an initial five-year pilot period. While revealing the inadequacies of existing governance arrangements and of its relationship to deteriorating forest conditions at Kisakasaka, this study concludes by suggesting an approach to more fully understand forces driving local resource management and use.