Phenanthrene uptake by Medicago sativa L. under the influence of an arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus

Phenanthrene uptake by Medicago sativa L. was investigated under the influence of an arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus. Inoculation of lucerne with the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus Glomus etunicatum L. resulted in higher phenanthrene accumulation in the roots and lower accumulation in the shoots compared to non-mycorrhizal controls. Studies on sorption and desorption of phenanthrene by roots and characterization of heterogeneity of mycorrhizal and non-mycorrhizal roots using solid-state ¹³C nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (¹³C NMR) demonstrated that increased aromatic components due to mycorrhizal inoculation resulted in enhanced phenanthrene uptake by the roots but lower translocation to the shoots. Direct visualization using two-photon excitation microscopy (TPEM) revealed higher phenanthrene accumulation in epidermal cells of roots and lower transport into the root interior and stem in mycorrhizal plants than in non-mycorrhizal controls. These results provide some insight into the mechanisms by which arbuscular mycorrhizal inoculation may influence the uptake of organic contaminants by plants.     

干旱区不同种植年限苜蓿人工草地土壤CO2排放的主要影响因素

采用静态箱-气象色谱法对干旱区不同种植年限苜蓿人工草地土壤系统、土壤-植被系统的CO2排放通量进行了测定,并对土壤 CO2排放通量的主要影响因素,包括土壤碳氮质量分数、土壤温度、气温、土壤水分体积分数、生物量进行了测定分析,从而得到了苜蓿生长季内CO2排放通量规律及影响土壤CO2排放的主要因素。结果表明：观测期内各个年限土壤-植被系统与土壤系统的CO2排放趋势基本一致,总体表现为4a〉5a〉8a〉3a〉1a,表现出“夏季高秋季低”的季节变化规律,具有明显的季节变化动态,各样地CO2通量在7月中旬达到最高排放通量;土壤CO2排放通量与0~20 cm土层内土壤有机碳质量分数、活性有机碳质量分数、土壤C：N及土壤全N质量分数都具有正相关关系,并且都达到了显著水平;土壤CO2排放通量与5 cm土壤温度和大气温度都有正相关关系,并且显著水平很高（P＜0.001）;土壤CO2排放通量与0~10 cm土壤水分体积分数之间没有显著的相关性（P〉0.05）;土壤CO2排放通量与地上部分生物量的大小有直接的正相关关系,并且CO2排放通量与地上生物量具有相同的变化趋势。     

关于种植苜蓿草改良沙化土壤的探讨

2004年至2007年在台安县西北部沙化区的洪家农牧场分别选取了沙地、荒地、林地、农田地等7个不同地点作为试验与对照区进行种植苜蓿草改良沙化土壤的实验。通过实验及对土壤速效氮、速效磷、速效钾、有机质、PH值、含水量的分析,得出苜蓿草可以在台安西北部沙化区良好生长,同时具有提高沙质土壤综合肥力及生态功能的作用,种植苜蓿草还可以为牧业生产提供优良饲草,解决了养殖业原料及草场资源缺乏问题,有利于畜牧业的发展;是沙化地区走种地养地道路的一种生态恢复方式。     

不同pH条件下CdCl2对紫花苜蓿种子萌发的胁迫效应

采用培养皿滤纸萌发试验,研究在3种pH(4.0、6.0和8.0)条件下,不同质量浓度(0、5、10、20、40和80mg/L)的CdCl₂溶液对紫花苜蓿种子萌发的胁迫效应. 结果表明,低质量浓度的CdCl₂(≤20mg/L)显著提高了紫花苜蓿种子的发芽率、发芽势、发芽指数和活力指数,ρ(CdCl₂)为20mg/L、pH为6.0时活力指数与对照组相比明显增加,达到177.52±16.61;随着ρ(CdCl₂)的提高,CdCl₂对苜蓿幼苗生长的促进效应不断增强,ρ(CdCl₂)为20mg/L时,3种pH条件下的芽鲜质量分别为(6.60±0.11)、(6.68±0.20)和(9.51±0.16)mg,根鲜质量分别为(6.71±0.10)、(7.09±0.08)和(9.10±0.08)mg,达到最大; 当ρ(CdCl₂)达到40和80mg/L时,紫花苜蓿种子萌发和幼苗生长则受到显著抑制,ρ(CdCl₂)为80mg/L时发芽率和活力指数分别仅为对照组的14.8%和46.5%;ρ(CdCl₂)为80mg/L时芽鲜质量最低,3种pH条件下分别为(3.48±0.15)、(4.03±0.19)和(7.00±0.22)mg. 研究还发现,紫花苜蓿种子发芽率和活力指数随pH降低而降低,弱碱(pH=8.0)条件下紫花苜蓿在ρ(CdCl₂)为80mg/L时的发芽率为66.40%±3.19%,大于酸性条件(pH=4.0、6.0)下的发芽率(11.20%±3.61%、9.20%±4.22%),而活力指数(93.90±10.71)也高于酸性条件(pH=4.0、6.0)下的活力指数(49.77±3.25、56.67±3.48),表明pH由酸性到碱性的变化过程能够缓解CdCl₂对紫花苜蓿种子萌发和幼苗生长的毒性.      

发酵牛粪和造纸干粉对多环芳烃污染土壤菌根修复的影响

通过温室盆栽试验,研究了添加发酵牛粪和造纸干粉对菌根化紫花苜蓿修复多环芳烃(PAHs)污染农田土壤的影响.结果发现,添加0.5%～2.0%发酵牛粪对紫花苜蓿根系丛枝菌根(AM)真菌侵染率无明显影响,但均显著提高了紫花苜蓿的植株生物量(p<0.05),其中,添加1.0%和2.0%发酵牛粪处理的土壤PAHs含量较对照略有降...     

土壤柴油污染对紫花苜蓿种子发芽率的影响

以单一外源环境因子污染水平为主要调控因子 ,室内盆载试验观察不同土壤柴油污染浓度控制下紫花苜蓿种子的萌发与生长情况。结果表明 ,紫花苜蓿种子发芽抑制率与土壤柴油污染浓度明显指数线性相关 ,而且发芽之后高浓度处理组幼苗出现黄叶和干枯现象。另外 ,也对产生上述现象的原因进行了初步探讨。     

河西走廊荒漠化土壤资源及生物改土培肥的效应

论述了河西走廊灰漠土、灰棕漠土、棕漠土的地理分布、成土条件、理化性质和主要亚类。在灰棕漠土上进行了紫花苜蓿 (Medicagosativa)对荒漠化土壤改土培肥效应的研究 ,结果表明 :栽植 3a紫花苜蓿鲜草产量 5 5 2t·hm-2 ,折干草 2 4 8t·hm-2 ;与对照比较 ,0～ 2 0cm土层中自然含水量增加 90 .6 5 g·kg-1 ,>0 .2 5mm团粒结构增加 1 7.2 3 % ,孔隙度增加 7.93 % ,容重降低 0 .2 1g·cm-3,pH由 8.4 5降至 8.2 0 ;全盐含量降低 4 .6 3 g·kg-1 ,脱盐率达 70 .3 6 % ;有机质、速效N、速效P、速效K亦随之增加。     

种植苜蓿对台安县沙化区土壤改良效应的研究

在台安县西北部沙化土地上种植紫苜蓿,产生明显改良土壤的效果。通过对苜蓿地和对照区地表层土壤层取样分析,从定量的角度研究了种植紫苜蓿对表层土壤理化性质的影响。结果表明：与对照区相比,苜蓿地在未施用肥料的情况下,土壤有机质、全氮、全磷、全钾、速效氮、速效磷、速效钾的含量均比每年都施肥的对照区高,且差异显著。种植苜蓿可以降低土壤容重,增加土壤孔隙度。     

Influence of crop residues on trifluralin mineralization in a silty clay loam soil

Trifluralin is typically applied onto crop residues (trash, stubble) at the soil surface, or onto the bare soil surface after the incorporation of crop residues into the soil. The objective of this study was to quantify the effect of the type and amount of crop residues in soil on trifluralin mineralization in a Wellwood silty clay loam soil. Leaves and stubble of Potato (Solanum tuberosum) (P); Canola (Brassica napus) (C), Wheat (Triticum aestivum) (W), Oats (Avena sativa), (O), and Alfalfa (Medicago sativa) (A) were added to soil microcosms at rates of 2%, 4%, 8% and 16% of the total soil weight (25 g). The type and amount of crop residues in soil had little influence on the trifluralin first-order mineralization rate constant, which ranged from 3.57E-03 day^?1 in soil with 16% A to 2.89E-02 day^?1 in soil with 8% W. The cumulative trifluralin mineralization at 113 days ranged from 1.15% in soil with 16% P to 3.21% in soil with 4% C, again demonstrating that the observed differences across the treatments are not of agronomic or environmental importance.     

Residues of five pesticides in field‐treated alfalfa seeds and alfalfa sprouts

Abstract

Residues of five different pesticides applied to alfalfa seed crops were determined in the harvested seeds and in sprouts grown from these seeds. Although seeds are usually used for future production of alfalfa plants, some of these seeds may be sprouted for human food consumption. The pesticides studied — aldicarb (Temik®), chlorothalonil (Bravo®), chlorpyrifos (Lorsban®), methamidophos (Monitor®) and propargite (Comite®) — were applied at a normal usage rate and at two to three times that rate. Residues on the seeds and sprouts, if any, were insignificant at rates of application.